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HOMOPIIONIC    VOCABULARY 


IN  TEN  LANGUAGES 


''Ml 


HOMOPHONIG  VOGABaiARY 


CONTAINING 


MORE    THAN    TWO    THOUSAND    WORDS 


HAVING    A    LIKE    SOUND    AND    LIKE    SIGNIFICATION    IN     TEN    LAN- 

GUAGES,    TO   WIT: 


ENGLISH,  FRENCH,  SPANISH,  PORTUGUESE,  ITALIAN,  GERMAN, 

DUTCH,    DANISH-NORWEGIAN,    SWEDISH, 

AND    RUSSIAN 


COMPILED  BY  CHARLES   B.   WAITE,  A.  M. 


— ALSO — 


*' Thoughts   Concerning  a   Common  Language;"    Translated    into    each   of    the    fore- 
going  Languages,    with   a  more    extended    Article    on   the   same 
subject,  in  English. 


CHICAGO 

C.  V.  WAITE  &  CO. 

FOR  SALE  BY  A.  C.  McCLURQ  &  CO. 

190-4 


Copyright  by 
Charles  B.  Waite,  A.  M. 

1904. 


P53H5 
PREFACE  f'lO^ 


The  question  of  a  common  language  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to 
the  human  race,  and  is  now  more  than  ever  engaging  the  attention  of  the 
civilized  world. 

In  any  attempt  that  may  be  made  to  solve  this  great  problem,  the 
first  thing  to  be  done  is  to  preserve  and  use  what  we  already  have  in 
common.  The  words  or  modes  of  expression  which  are  the  same  or  nearly 
the  same  in  various  languages,  should  be  made  the  basis  on  which 
to  build. 

If  a  new  language  is  to  be  formed,  it  must  be  constructed  from  these 
materials. 

The  object  of  this  Vocabulary  is  to  show  that  a  vast  body  of  words 
are  common  to  nearly  all  of  the  Indo-Germanic  languages.  It  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  say  that  many  of  these  words  have  somewhat  diflferent  mean- 
ings in  the  diflferent  languages.  Even  if  the  meaning  were  at  first  the 
same,  it  would  soon  be  changed  or  modified  in  accordance  with  the  man- 
ners and  customs  and  modes  of  thought  of  the  people  by  whom  the  words 
are  used.  Yet,  notwithstanding  all  the  diversities  and  variations,  there 
is  still  a  substantial  similarity  both  of  sound  and  of  signification. 

These  are  the  words  from  which  should  be  taken  the  root  words  for  a 
language  common  to  the  Indo-Germanic  peoples.  In  what  manner  the 
language  itself  should  be  constructed,  would  be  determined  by  eminent 
philologists  and  linguists  selected  and  chosen  for  that  purpose. 

In  the  article  following  the  Vocabulary  the  compiler  has  fully  ex- 
plained his  views  in  regard  to  the  initiatory  steps  to  be  taken  in  the  inau- 
guration of  such  a  reform.  An  abridgment  of  that  article  has  been  trans- 
lated into  the  other  nine  languages. 

The  author  wishes  to  acknowledge  his  obligations  to  Mr.  Sigvard 
Sorenson,  Assistant  Librarian  of  the  Newberry  Library  of  Chicago,  an 
accomplished  linguist,  who  has  rendered  valuable  assistance  in  the  pros- 

3 

254699 


ecution  of  this  work.  Also  to  Prof.  G.  Mantellini,  Director  of  the  Chi- 
cago School  of  Languages,  for  the  intelligent  interest  manifested;  also 
to  Messrs.  C  Martin  and  Jacob  A.  Meislisch,  of  the  Newberry  Library, 
and  J.  N.Soderholm,  of  Chicago. 

If  the  author  of  this  work  has  succeeded  in  furnishing  suggestions 
which  shall  prove  to  be  of  any  value  as  to  the  mode  of  commencing  a 
work  the  importance  of  which  is  conceded  by  all,  he  will  feel  well  repaid 
for  his  time  and  labor. 


VOCABULAIRE  HOMOPHONIQUE 


Contenant 


PLUS    DE    2000    MOTS 


Ayant  un  mSme  son  et  une  meme 

signification  en  dix  Ungues; 

par  exemple: 


Anglais,    Pran^ais,    Espagnol,    Portugais,    Italien, 

Allemand,   liollandais,  Danois=Norvegien, 

Suedois   et    Russe 


REUNIS    PAR     CHARLES    B.  WAITE,    A.    M. 


"  Pensees  concernant  une  langue  commune,"  traduites  dans 

les  langues  citees  plus  liaut,  avec  un  traite  plus  etendu 

sur  le  m^'me  sujet,  en  anglais. 


CHICAGO 

C.    V.    WAITE     &     C  O. 

IU04 


PREFACE 


La  question  d'une  langue  commune  est  de  la  plus  grande  import- 
ance pour  la  race  humaine,  et  attire  maintenant  plus  que  jamais  1' atten- 
tion du  monde  civilise. 

Dans  les  tentatives  a  faire  pour  resoudre  ce  grand  probleme,  la  pre- 
miere chose  est  de  conserver  et  de  se  servir  de  ce  que  nous  avons  deja  en 
commun.  Les  mots  ou  les  expressions  qui  sont  les  memes  ou  sembla- 
bles  dans  les  diiSerentes  langues  doivent  etre  la  base  d'ou  Ton  doit  partir. 

Si  Ton  veut  faire  une  nouvelle  langue,  elle  doit  etre  faite  avec  ces 
materiaux. 

Le  but  de  ceVocabulaire  est  de  montrer  la  grande  quantite  de  mots 
communs  a  presque  toutes  les  langues  Indo-Germaniques.  II  est  a  peine 
necessaire  de  dire  que  beaucoup  de  ces  mots  ont  diflferentes  interpreta- 
tions dans  les  diflferentes  langues.  Meme  si  la  signification  etait  origi- 
nairement  la  meme,  elle  serait  bientot  changee  ou  modifiee,  d'apres  les 
manieres,  coutumes,  et  points  de  vue  des  peuples  qui  se  servent  de  ces 
mots.  Cependant,  malgre  les  diflferences  et  les  varietes,  il  y  a  toujours 
une  reelle  siniilarite  de  son  et  de  signification. 

Tels  sont  les  mots  dont  on  doit  prendre  les  racines  pour  faire  une 
langue  commune  aux  peuples  d'origine  Indo-Germanique.  Quelle  sera 
la  construction  de  cette  langue  ?  Ceci  reste  a  resoudre  par  d'eminents 
philologistes  et  linguistes  choisis  a  cet  eflfet. 

Dans  r article  suivant  ce  catalogue  I'auteur  a  grandement  explique 
ses  vues  regardant  les  premiers  pas  a  faire  pour  inaugurer  une  telle  re- 
forme.     Un  abrege  de  cet  article  a  ete  traduit  en  les  neuf  autres  langues. 

ly'auteur  desire  reconnaitre  toute  1' obligation  qu'il  a  au  Prof. 
Emile  Lescat,  de  L' Alliance  Frangaise,  en  cooperation  avec  I'Universite 
de  Chicago,  pour  I'interet  qu'il  apriset  I'assistancequ'il  m'a  renduedans 
I'accomplissement  de  ce  travail. 

Si  I'auteur  a  reussi  a  emettre  des  idees  de  valeur  quant  a  la  maniere 
de  commencer  un  travail  dont  I'importance  est  reconnue  par  tous.  il  sera 
bien  recompense  pour  son  travail  et  son  temps. 

Cliicago,  1904.  ^-   ^-   '^'- 


PENSiiES  CONCERNANT  UNE  LANGUE  COMMUNE 


Cette  langue  ne  serait  pas  une  langue  uaiverselle  au  debut,  (cela 
prendrait  peut-etre  cent  ans  ou  plus,)  mais  une  langue  comprehensible 
a  toute  la  famille  ou  population  IndoGermanique,  Si  des  representants 
des  langues  les  plus  importantes  de  cette  race  pouvaient  se  r^unir  ou  for- 
mer un  congres  pour  s'entendre  sur  une  langue  commune,  les  autres  peuples 
feraient  plus  tard  la  meme  chose,  et  graduellement  il  en  resulterait  une 
langue  universelle. 

Suppose  qu'un  congres  s'assemble  compose  d'eminents  philolo- 
gistes  et  linguistes  representant  les  dix  langues  suivantes:  anglaise, 
francaise,  espagnole,  portugaise,  italienne,  allemande,  hollandaise,  dan- 
oise-norvegienne,  suedoise,  et  russe.  L'assemblee  ainsi  formee,  repre- 
sentant les  plus  importantes  des  langues  Indo-Germaniques,  pourrait 
tres-bien  prendre  la  responsibilite  d'agir  au  nom  de  la  famille  entiere,  et 
former  une  langue  commune. 

Le  congres  s'etant  rassemble,  le  premier  pas  a  faire  pour  former  une 
nouvelle  langue  serait  de  prendre  des  mots  primitifs,  ou  racines  de  mots, 
pour  en  tirer  des  derives.  Ou  irons-nous  chercher  ces  mots  principaux? 
Oil,  mais  pas  ailleurs  que  dans  les  langues  deja  connues  et  en  usage  par- 
mi  les  dix  peuples  representes  dans  le  congres.  La  simple  justice  de- 
manderait  des  fondateurs  que  le  congres  ne  cherchat  pas  une  langue  in- 
connue  au  lieu  d'une  deja  en  usage  parmi  ces  dix  peuples,  et  qu'il  prit 
des  mots  deja  usites  parmi    elles. 

Premierement,  il  y  a  beaucoup  de  mots  qui  n'ont  pas  seulement  la 
m^me  signification  dans  les  dix  diflferentes  langues,  mais  a  peu  pres  le 
meme  son;  et  c'est  manifestement  de  la  qu'il  faut  prendre  I'origine  de  ces 
mots. 

II  y  a  plus  de  deux  mille  mots  de  cette  nature  en  usage  commun, 
chacun  d'eux  homophonique,  dans  ces  dififerentes  langues. 

Quand  ces  motsserontepuises,  une  nouvelle  source  serait  dese  servir 
de  ces  mots  que  Ton  trouve  avec  similarite  dans  neuf  de  ces  dix  langues, 
puis  dans  ceux  que  Ton  trouve  dans  huit,  puis  sept,  et  ainsi  de  suite. 
Si  Ton  suivait  ce  systeme,  bien  longtemps  avant  d'arriver  aux  limites 
d'une  seule  langue,  les  sources  d'approvisionnement  pour  les  mots  origi- 


PENSEES   CONCERNANT  UNE   LANGUE   COMMUNE 

naires  deviendraient  pratiquement  inepuisables,  parce  que  chaquelistede 
mots  ainsi  obtenus  serait  plus  complete  que  la  precedente,  Ces  mots 
trouves  dans  la  majorite  des  langues  pourraient  etre  comptes  par  di- 
zaines  de  mille. 

Une  application  plus  limitee  des  principes  d' association  en  vue  pent 
etre  faite  en  se  servant  des  phrases  homophoniques,  comme  nous  avons 
fait  dans  nos  "Conversations  Homophoniques"  en  quatre  langues. 

Le  Prof.  Schleyer,  dans  le  Volapiik,  entreprit  de  construire  unenou- 
velle  langue.  Quoiqne  son  systeme  ait  eu  une  courte  popularite — le 
monde  sentant  le  besoin  de  quelque  systeme — il  tomba  completement  en 
quelques  annees.  Le  Prof.  Schleyer  se  trompa  d'abord  en  essayant  de 
former  une  langue  nouvelle — tache  impossible  a  un  seul  homme. 

Mais  sa  plus  grande  erreur  fut  de  ne  pas  reconnaitre  le  principe  que 
les  mots  primitifs  ou  mots  racines  devaient  etre  en  usage  dans  les  autres 
langues.  Prenez,  par  exemple,  le  mot  fil.  II  .se  traduit  ainsi:  anglais, 
thread;  danois-norvegien,  traad;  suedois,  trad;  hollandais,  draad;  ital- 
ien,  filo;  espagnol,  hilo;  portugais,  fio;  allemand,  faden;  russe,  nitka. 

Voici  done  un  mot  ayant  le  meme  son  dans  quatre  langues,  et  un 
autre  mot  tout-a-fait  different,  mais  ayant  un  son  semblable  dans  quatre 
autres  langues.  Cependant  le  Prof.  Schleyer,  ignorant  ces  huit  langues 
et  ces  huit  dififerents  peuples,  prit  la  racine  de  ce  mot  d'une  seule  langue: 
de  I'allemand  faden  il  prit  fad,  comme  racine  pour  fil. 

Pour  trouver  un  mot  aussi  court  que  possible,  et  qui  aurait  le  meme 
son  dans  la  majorite  des  langues,  le  mot  racine  ici  devrait  etre  fil,  du 
mot  fran^ais  fil,  en  latin  filum.  De  ce  mot  comme  racine  nous  avons 
deja  plusieurs  derives  anglais,  comme:  filament,  filaceous,  filar,  file,  fili- 
form, filiferous,  fillet,  etc.  L,es  trois  langues  afiiliees  a  I'anglais  sur  le 
mot  thread,  ont  aussi  plusieurs  de  ces  derivatifs,  de  sorte  que  le  mot  fil 
serait  plus  ou  moins  familier  aces  quatre  peuples;  tandis  qu'il  serait  tout- 
a-fait  familier  aux  quatre  autres. 

Quand  fad,  voulant  dire  fil,  pourrait  etre  compris  par  un  allemand, 
ce  mot  serait  etranger  h  un  anglais,  ou  a  un  americain,  ^  un  fran^ais,  a 
un  espagnol,  a  un  portugais,  a  un  italien,  k  un  hollandais,  a  un  danois 
ou  norvegien,  a  un  suedois,  ou  a  un  russe. 

Une  langue  universelle  n'a  pas  besoin  d'attendre  pour  une  commun- 
aute  universelle.  Beaucoup  a  dej^  ete  fait  pour  unifier  la  race;  et  ce  n'est 
pas  esperer  trop,  qu'avant  plusieurs  dizaines  d'annees,  une  langue  uni- 
verselle, loin  d'etre  simplement  un  reve  utopiste  ou  millenaire,  devienne 
une  glorieuse  r6alite. 


VOCABULARIO  HOMOFONO 


Conteniendo 


MAS  DE  2000  PALABRAS 


que  tienen  el  sonido  y  la  significacion 
semejantes  en  diez  lenguas,  a  saber: 


en  ingles,  trances,  espanol,  portugues,  italiano,  aleman, 
holandes,  danes-noruego,  sueco  v  ruso 


Compilado  por  CHARLES  B.  WAITE,  A.  M. 


TAMBIEN  : 

"  Pensamientos    sobre    una    Lengua  Comun,"  traducidos  en 

las  lenguas  enumeradas  arriba;   con  un  articulo 

mas  extenso  en  ingles  acerea  de  la 

misma  materia. 


CHICAGO 

C.    V.    WAITE    &     C  O. 


P  RO  I,0  GO 


La  cuestion  de  una  lengua  comun  es  de  la  mayor  importancia  d  la 
raza  humana,  y  al  presente  mas  que  nunca  llama  la  atencion  del  mundo 
culto. 

En  cualquier  designio  que  se  haga  para  solver  este  gran  problema, 
lo  primero  que  debe  hacerse  es  conservar  y  usar  lo  que  ya  tenemos  en 
comun.  Las  palabras  6  los  modos  de  expresion  que  son  los  mismoso  casi 
los  mismos  en  varios  idiomas  debieran  hacerse  la  base  sobre  la  cual  tene- 
mos que  construir. 

Si  ha  de  formarse  una  nueva  lengua,  debe  construirse  de  estos  mate- 
riales. 

El  motivode  este  Vocabularioes  mostrar  la  gran  cantidad  de  palabras 
comunes  a  casi  todas  las  lenguas  Indo-Germanicas,  No  es  necesario  de- 
cir  que  muchas  de  estas  palabras  tienen  significaciones  algo  diferentes  en 
las  diferentes  lenguas.  Aun  si  la  significacion  fuera  la  misma  al  prin- 
cipio,  luego  se  cambiaria  6  se  modificaria  conforme  a  los  metodos  3'  las 
costumbres  y  los  modos  de  pensar  del  pueblo  que  emplee  las  palabras. 
Sin  embargo,  aunque  haya  variedades  y  diferencias,  existe  no  obstante 
una  similaridad  bastante  material  en  el  sonido  asi  como  en  el  significado. 

Estas  son  las  palabras  de  las  cuales  debieran  sacarse  las  palabras 
radicales  para  una  lengua  que  sea  comun  a  todos  los  pueblos  Indo-Ger- 
mdnicos.  De  que  modo  se  debiera  construir  la  lengua  misma,  lodeterm- 
inarian  ilustres  filologos  y  linguistas  elegidos  y  escogidos  para  este  pro- 
posito. 

En  el  articulo  que  va  acontinuacion  el  autor  ha  explicado  completa- 
mente  sus  opiniones  acerca  delas  medidas  iniciativas  que  han  de  toniarse 
al  principiar  tal  reforma.  Se  ha  hecho  una  traduccion  abreviada  de  este 
articulo  en  los  otros  nueve  idiomas. 

Si  el  autor  ha  logrado  suministrar  sugestiones  que  resulten  dignas 
de  atencion  en  cuanto  al  metodo  de  principiar  una  empresa  en  cuya  im- 
portancia conviene  todo  el  mundo,  se  sentira  bien  recompensado  por  el 
tiempo  y  trabajo  que  ha  gastado  en  esta  obra.  C.  B.  W. 

Chicago,  1904. 


10 


PENSAMIENTOS  SOBRE  UNA  LENGUA  COMtJN 


No  seria  una  lengua  universal  al  principio — para  lograr  esto  pasaria 
un  siglo  6  mas — sin  embargo  seria  una  lengua  que  fuera  comun  a  la  fa- 
milia  Indo-Gernianica.  Si  se  juntaran  en  congreso  los  representantes  de 
las  lenguas  mas  importantes  de  esa  familia,  y  si  conviniesen  en  una  lengua 
comun,  despues  pudieran  hacer  lo  mismo  las  otras  familias,  de  lo  cual 
pudiera  resultar  liltimamente  una  lengua  universal. 

Supongamos  que  se  juntaran  en  congreso  los  filosofos  y  linguistas 
mas  ilustres,  representantes  de  las  diez  lenguas  siguientes :  ingles, 
frances,  espanol,  portugues,  italiano,  aleman,  holandes,  danes-noruego 
sueco,  y  ruso.  Esta  junta  que  representaria  todas  las  mas  importantes 
lenguas  Indo-Germanicas,  bien  pudiera  tomar  a  su  cargo  la  representa- 
cion  de  la  familia  entera  para  construir  una  lengua  comun. 

Ya  habiendose  convocado  el  congreso,  el  primer  paso  en  formar  una 
nueva  lengua  seria  establecer  palabras  primitivas  6  radicales,  de  las 
cuales  pudieran  formarse  los  derivativos.  i  Donde  buscaremos  estas  pa- 
labras? Es  claro  que  debemos  buscarlas  entre  las  lenguas  que  ya  estan 
empleando  los  diez  pueblos  representantes  en  el  congreso.  En  simple 
justicia  a  sus  electores  el  congreso  debiera  tener  cuidado  de  que  no  se 
construyese  una  lengua  sin  pedirles  consejo  a  ellos,  sino  que  hiciesen 
caso  de  sus  propias  palabras  que  3'a  se  usen  comunmente. 

En  primer  lugar  hay  un  volumen  inmenso  de  palabras  que  tienen 
todas  no  solo  el  significado  semejante,  sino  casi  el  mismo  sonido  en  cada 
una  de  las  diez  lenguas;  y  es  claro  que  de  estas  debemos  sacar  las  pala- 
bras radicales. 

Hay  mas  de  2000  palabras  de  estaclase  en  uso  comun,  siendo  homo- 

fonas  en  las  diez  lenguas  cada  una. 

Cuando  ya  se  habian  sacado  todas  estas  palabras,  la  proxima  canti- 
dad  consistiria  en  las  palabras  que  de  semejante  modose  sacariandenue- 
ve  entre  las  diez  lenguas;  entonces  las  que  pudieran  sacarse  de  ocho;  des- 
pues de  siete;  y  asi  de  las  deraas  hasta  el  fin.  Siguiendo  este  curso, 
mucho  antes  de  llegar  al  limite  de  una  sola  lengua,  el  conjunto  de  pa- 
labras radicales  seria  virtualmente  inagotable,  puesto  que  cada  cantidad 
de  palabras  obtenidas  de  este  modo  seria  mas  grande  que  la  anterior. 
El  numero  de  tales  palabras  que  se  encontrarian  en  la  mayoria  de  estas 
lenguas  ascenderia  a  decenas  de  millares. 

Hasta  cierto  punto  se  podria  aplicar  este  principio  de  relacion,  em- 


II 


PENSAMIENTOS   SOBRE   UNA    I.ENGUA    COMUN 

pleando  frases  homofonas,  como  ya  lo  hemos  hecho  en  nuestras  "Con- 
versaciones  Homofonas  en  Cuatro  Lenguas." 

En  el  "Volapiik"  el  Profesor  Schleyer  emprendio  a  coiistruir  una 
nueva  lengua.  Aunque  su  sistema  gozo  de  breve  popularidad — sintien- 
dose  la  necesidad  de  algiin  metodo — no  obstante  a  la  vuelta  de  pocos  aiios 
salio  completamente  mal.  En  primer  lugar  el  Profesor  Schleyer  cometio 
el  error  de  tratar  de  formar  una  nueva  lengua.  De  esta  tarea  no  es  capaz 
ningun  hombre  solo. 

Pero  su  error  mas  grave  consistio  en  que  no  reconocio  el  principio 
de  que  sus  palabras  radicales  debian  set  comunes  a  otras  lenguas.  T6- 
mese  por  ejemplo  la  palabra  thread.  Se  expresa  asi  :  en  ingles,  thread  ; 
en  danes-noruego,  traad  ;  en  sueco,  trad  ;  en  holandes,  draad  ;  en  fran- 
ces,  fil  ;  en  italiano,  filo  ;  en  espanol,  hilo  ;  en  portugues,  fio;  en  ale- 
man,  faden  ;  en  ruso,  nitka. 

Pues  bien,  tenemos  aqui  una  palabra  que  tiene  el  sonido  semejante 
en  cuatro  lenguas,  y  otra  palabra  absolutamente  diferente,  la  cual  tiene 
sin  embargo  el  sonido  semejante  en  otras  cuatro  lenguas.  No  obstante  el 
Profesor  Schleyer,  desatendiendo  estas  ocho  lenguas  yestos  ocho  pueblos, 
saco  la  palabra  radical  de  una  sola  lengua;  quiere  decir  que  de  la  palabra 
alemana  faden  saco  fad  como  la  raiz  por  thread. 

Para  obtener  una  palabra  que  sea  cuanto  mas  breve  y  la  cual  tenga 
el  sonido  parecido  en  tantas  lenguas  como  sea  posible,  fil  debia  haber  sido 
la  palabra  primitiva  6  radical  sacada  de  la  palabra  francesa  fil,  y  derivada 
de  la  latina  filum.  De  esta  raiz  ya  tenemos  muchos  derivativosen  ingles, 
a  saber:  Filament,  filaceous,  filar,  file,  filiform,  filiferous,  fillet,  ets. 
Eas  tres  lenguas  que  tienen  relacion  con  el  ingles  en  la  palabra  thread 
tambien  tienen  varios  de  estos  derivativos,  de  modo  que  la  palabra  fil  se- 
rfa  mas  6  menos  facil  a  cuatro  pueblos,  y  seria  comun  a  los  otros  cuatro. 

Aunque  pudiera  reconocer  un  aleman  la  palabra  fad  en  el  sentido 
de  thread,  la  desconoceria  un  ingles  6  un  americano,  un  frances,  portu- 
gues, italiano,  holandes,  danes,  noruego,  sueco,  6  ruso. 

Una  lengua  universal  no  tiene  que  esperar  hasta  que  venga  una 
comunidad  universal.  Ya  se  ha  hecho  mucho  para  unir  la  raza  humana, 
y  podemos  fiarnos  en  que,  antes  que  hayan  pasado  muchas  decadas,  habra 
resultado  una  lengua  universal — no  un  suefio  utopico  6  imaginario,  sino 
mas  bien  una  gloriosa  realizacion. 


12 


VOCABULARIO  HOMOPHONO 


O  qual  contem 


MAIS  DE  2000  PALAVRAS 


que  tern  o  sonido  e  a  significa9ao    semelhante 
em  as  dez  Hnguas  seguintes : 


In^Iez,  Prancez,  Hespanhol,  Portuguez,  Italiano,  Ailemao, 
Hollandez,  Danez-Noruego,   Sueco  e  Russo 


Compilado  por  CHARLES  B.  WAITE,  A.  M. 


TAMBEM: 


"  Pensamentos  sobre   uma  Lingua  Commutn,"    traduzidos  nas 

linguas  arriba  ditas,    com  um  artigo  mais  extenso 

em  Inglez  sobre  o  mesmo  sujeito. 


CHICAGO 

C.    V.    \\^  A  I  T  E     E     CIA. 

1904 


PRO  IvO  GO 


O  assumpto  d'uma  lingua  commum  e  mui  importante  para  a  raga 
humana,  e  agora  mais  que  nunca  chama  a  atten9ao  de  mundo  culto. 

Em  qualquer  intento  que  se  facpa  para  resolver  este  grande  problema, 
a  primeira  cousa  que  ha  de  procurarse  e  conservar  e  usar  o  que  ja  temos 
em  commum.  As  palavras  e  as  maneiras  de  dizer  que  sao  as  mesmas  ou 
quasi  as  mesmas  em  varios  idiomas  haveriam  de  fazer-se  a  base  sobre  a 
qual  havemos  de  construir. 

Se  ha  de  formar-se  uma  lingua  nova  deve  construir-se  com  estes  ma- 
teriaes.  O  object©  d'este  Vocabulario  e  mostrar  a  grande  quantidade  de 
palavras  semelhantes  em  quasi  todas  as  linguas  Indo-Germauicas.  Nao 
e  necessario  dizer  que  muitas  d'estas  palavras  tem  significagoes  um 
pouco  differentes  nas  linguas  dififerentes.  Ainda  quando  a  significagao 
fosse  a  mesma  no  principio  dove-se  haver  modificado  ou  cambiado  segundo 
OS  costumes  e  modos  de  pensar  da  gente  que  usasse  as  palavras.  Com 
tudo,  bem  que  haja  variedadesedifferengas,  existe  uma  semelhanga  assaz 
material  no  sonido  assim  como  na  significafao. 

Estas  sao  as  palavras  das  quaes  hao  de  sacar-se  as  palavras  radicaes 
para  uma  lingua  que  seja  commum  a  todas  as  ragas  Indo-Germanicas. 
O  modo  de  construir  a  lingua  mesma  seria  determiuado  por  philologos  e 
linguistas  illustres  eleitos  e  escolhidos  para  este  proposito. 

No  artigo  seguinte  o  autor  tem  explicado  completamente  as  suas 
opinioes  em  quanto  a  as  medidas  que  hao  de  tomar-se  para  principiar  tal 
reform  a. 

Se  tem  feitouma  tradugao  abreviada  desto  artigo  nas  outros  nove 
idiomas. 

Se  o  autor  tem  logrado  dar  suggestoes  dignas  de  attengao  em  quanto 
ao  methodo  de  principiar  uma  empresa  que  todo  o  mundo  julga  impor- 
tante, se  sentira  brm  recompensado  do  tempo  e  trabalho  que  tem  gastado 
nesta  obra.  C.  B.  W, 

Chicago,  1904. 


14 


PENSAMENTOS    SOBRE    UMA    LINGUA    COMMUM 


Ao  principio  nao  seria  uma  lingua  universal,  pois  para  lograr  esto 
passaria  urn  seculo  ou  mais;  a  pezar  d'esto  seria  uma  lingua  commum 
para  a  familia  Indo-Germanica.  Se  os  representantes  das  linguas  mais 
importantes  d'essa  familia  se  ajuntassem  num  congresso  para  concertar 
uma  lingua  commum,  as  outras  familias  poderiam  fazer  depois  a  mesma 
cousa,  e  finalmente  poderia  resultar  uma  lingua  universal. 

Supponhamos  que  sejuntassem  em  congresso  os  philosophos  e  lin- 
guistas  mais  illustres  para  representar  as  dez  linguas  seguintes  :  inglez, 
francez,  hespanhol,  portuguez,  italiano,  allemao,  hollandez,  danez-norue- 
go,  sueco,  e  russo.  Esta  junta,  que  representaria  todas  as  linguas  Indo- 
Germanicas  mais  importantes,  poderia  tamben  encarregar-se  de  repre- 
sentar a  familia  inteira  para  construir  uma  lengua  commum. 

Uma  vez  chamado  o  congresso,  o  passo  primeiro  para  formar  uma 
lingua  nova,  seria  estabelecer  palavras  primitivas  ou  radicaes,  das  quaes 
poderiam-se  formar  OS  derivativos.  ^Onde  buscariamos  estas  palavras? 
Claramento  devemos  buscar-las  entre  as  linguas  que  ja  estam  usando  os 
dez  povos  representados  no  congresso.  Para  fazer  justiga  a  sens  elec- 
tores,  o  congresso  deveria  ter  cuidado  de  que  nao  se  formar-se  uma  lingua 
para  essos  povos  senao  empregando  as  palavras  que  ja  se  usen  commum- 
mente. 

Primeiramente  ha  um  numero  grande  de  palavras  que  nao  somente 
tem  a  mesma  significagao,  mas  quasi  o  mesmo  sonido  em  cada  uma  das 
dez  linguas,  e  e  claro  que  d'estas  devemos  sacar  as  palavras  radicaes. 

Ha  mais  de  2000  palavras  d'esta  classe  em  use  commum,  sendo  ho- 
mophonas,  em  cada  uma  das  dez  linguas. 

Guando  todas  estas  palavras  se  tenham  sacado,  a  proxima  quanti- 
dade  consisteria  das  palavras  que  d'um  modo  semelhante  se  sacariam  de 
nove  das  dez  linguas  ;  entao  das  que  poderiam  sacar-se  d'oito,  depois  de 
sete,  e  assim  ate  o  fim.  Seguindo  este  methodo,  muito  antes  de  chegar 
ao  limite  de  uma  lingua  soa,  o  conjuncto  das  palavras  radicaes  seria  vir- 
tualmente  inesgotavel,  postoque  cada  quantidade  de  palavras  conseguidas 
d'este  modo  seria  mais  grande  que  a  anterior.  O  numero  de  taes  palavras 
encontradas  na  maioria  d'estas  linguas  chegaria  a  dezenas  de  milhares. 

Este  principio  de  rela^ao  poderia  ate  certo  ponto  applicar-se  empre- 

15 


PENSAMENTOS    SOBRA    UMA    LINGUA    COMMUM 

gando  phrases  bomophonas,  como  jd  temos  feito,  nas  nossas  "  Conversa- 
yoes  Homophonas' '  em  quatra  linguas. 

O  Professor  Schleyer  emprehendeu  com  "  Volapiik"  construir  uma 
nova  lingua.  Aiuda  quando  o  seu  systema  gozou  de  breve  popularidade 
porque  se  sentia  a  necessidade  d'algun  metbodo,  depois  de  poucos  annos 
sabiu  completamente  mal, 

Em  primeiro  Ingar  o  Professor  Schleyer  commetteu  o  erro  de  querer 
formar  uma  lingua  nova.  Um  so  homem  nao  e  capaz  d'esta  tareia.  Porem 
o  seu  erro  mais  grande  foi  nao  reconhecer  o  principio  de  que  a  suas  palav- 
ras  radicaes  deviao  ser  commums  a  outras  linguas.  Tome-se  por  exem- 
plo  a  palavra  thread.  Em  ingles  se  diz  thread;  em  danez-noruego,  traad; 
em  sueco,  trad  ;  em  hollandez,  draad  ;  em  francez,  fil  ;  em  italiano,  filo; 
em  bespanhol,  hilo;  em  portugeuz,  fio,  em  alleman,  faden  ;  em  russo, 
nitka. 

Pois  bem,  temos  aqui  uma  palavra  que  tem  o  sonido  semelhante  em 
quatro  linguas,  e  outra  palavra  absolutamente  differente,  a  qual  tem,  nao 
obstante,  o  sonido  semelhante  em  outras  quatro  linguas;  a  pezar  d'esto,  o 
Professor  Schleyer,  fazendo  a  um  lado  estas  oito  linguas  e  estes  oito  po- 
vos,  sacou  a  palavra  radical  d'uma  soa  lingua,  porque  da  palabra  allema 
faden  sacou  fad  como  a  radical  de  thread. 

Para  obter  uma  palavra  que  seja  muito  mais  breve  e  que  tenha  o  so- 
nido semelhante  em  tantas  linguas  quantas  seja  possivel,  fil  devou  ter 
sido  a  palavra  primitiva  ou  a  radical  sacada  da  palavra  franceza  fil,  de- 
rivada  da  palabra  latina  filum.  D'esta  raiz  ja  temos  muitos  derivativos 
em  ingles,  a  saber:  Filament,  filaceous,  filar,  file,  filiform,  filiferous,  fil- 
let, etc.  As  tres  linguas  que  tem  relagao  com  o  inglez  na  palavra  thread, 
tambem  tem  varios  derivativos,  de  modo  que  a  palavra  fil  seria  pouco 
mais  o  menos  facil  para  quatro  povos,  e  seria  commum  aos  outros  quatro. 

Se  bem  um  allemao  poderia  reconhecer  a  palavra  fad  no  sentido  de 
thread,  um  inglez  e  um  americano,  um  francez,  um  portuguez,  um  itali- 
ano, um  hollandez,  um  hespanhol,  um  danez  ou  noruego,  um  sueco,  ou 
um  russo,  nao  poderiam  reconhece-la. 

Uma  lingua  universal  nao  tem  que  esperar  ate  que  venha  uma  com- 
mumidade  universal.  Muito  se  tem  jd  feito  para  unir  a  raga  humana,  e 
podemos  ter  confiauQa  de  que  antes  de  que  tenham  pasado  muitos  decen- 
nios,  jd  havemos  de  haver  uma  lingua  universal.  Nao  como  um  sonho 
utopico  e  imaginario,  mas  como  uma  realizagao  gloriosa. 


i6 


VOCABOLARIO   OMOFONETICO 


Coatenente 


PIU    DI   2000   PAROLE 


di  simile  suono  e  simile  significato   in 
diecf  lingue,  come  le  seguenti: 


L'Inglese,    il    Francese,    lo   Spagnuoio,    il    Portoghese, 
ritaliano,  il  Tedesco,  I'Olandese,  il  Danese- 
Norvega,   lo  Svedese   ed   il    Russo 


Redatto  dal  Signer  CHARLES   B.  WAITE,  A.  M. 


CON  AGGirXTA  UI  ; 


"  Studi  e  pensieri  concenienti  una  lyingua  da  usarsi  in  comune, 
tradotti    in   ciascuna  delle   sopradette   lingue   con   un 
articolo   piu   esteso   sullo  stesso  soggetto. 
nella  lingua  inglese. 


CHICAGO 

C.    V.    ^V^  A  I  T  E     &     CO. 


PREFAZIONE 


L,a  questione  di  una  sola  lingua  da  usarsi  comunemente  fra  i  popoli, 
e  della  niaggior  importanza  per  il  genere  umano,  ed  ora  piu  che  giammai 
ha  attratto  I'attenzione  del  mondo  civile. 

Con  ogni  tentativo  che  si  puossa  fare  por  solvere  questo  grande  pro- 
blema,  la  prima  cosa  da  considerarsi  e  di  mantenere  ed  impiegare  cio  che 
gia  abbiamo  comunemente  in  uso.  Le  parole  omodi  per  esprimersi,  sono 
gli  stessi  o  quasi  i  medesimi  in  varie  lingue,  e  questi  dovrebbero  esser  la 
base  sulla  quale  fondarsi. 

Se  una  nova  lingua  dev'  esser  fondata,  bisogna  che  sia  formata  con 
tali  materiali. 

Lo  scopo  di  questo  vocabolario  e  per  dimostrare  qual  immenso  capi- 
tale  di  parole  e  usato  in  comune  fra  quasi  tutte  le  lingue  Indo-Germani- 
che.  ^  ovvio  1'  aggiungere  che  molte  di  queste  parole  posseggono  un  di  ver- 
so significato  nelle  differenti  lingue.  Sia  pure  che  il  loro  significato  fosse 
dapprincipio  lo  stesso,  si  sarebbe  tosto  cambiato  o  modificato  in  rapporto 
ai  modi,  costumiepensieri  dei  popoli  fra  cui  le  parole  sono  in  uso.  Pure, 
cionondimeno  tutte  le  diversita  e  varianti,  esiste  sempre  una  similitu- 
dine  sostanzievole,  sia  nel  suono  che  nel  significato. 

Oueste  sono  le  parole  dalle  quali  si  deve  attingere  alia  radice,  per  for- 
mare  una  lingua  da  usarsi  in  comune  fra  i  popoli  Indo-Germanici.  In  qual 
modo  la  lingua  in  se  medesima,  dovrebbe  esser  formata,  e  da  determi- 
narsi  da  eminenti  filologhi  e  poliglotti,  scelti  per  questo  scopo. 

Neir  articolo  che  segue  questo  catalogo  I'autore  ha  pienamente  spie- 
gato  le  sue  viste  riguardanti  i  passi  preliminarii  da  prendersi  per  inaugu- 
rare  questa  riforma.  Un'  aggiunta  a  questo  articolo  e  stata  tradotta  nelle 
altre  nove  lingue. 

Se  I'autore  ha  riuscito  nell'  intent(3  di  far  germogliare  un  suggeri- 

mento  che  serva  di  qualche   utilita  come  iniziativa  per   principiare  un 

lavoro,  la  di  cui  importanza  e  riconosciuta  da  tutti,  egli  si  sentira  ampia- 

mente  compensato  per  la  sua  perdita  di  tempo  e  le  sue  fatiche. 

C    B.  W 
Chicago,  1904. 


i8 


IDKE  CONCERNENTI  UNA  LINGUA  DA  USARSI  IN 
COMUNE    ERA  I  POPOLI 


Non  sarebbe  dapprincipio  una  lingua  universale — ci6  prenderebbe 
cento  o  piu  anni — ma  una  lingua  che  fosse  in  comune  uso  fra  la  famiglia 
Indo-Germanica.  Se  i  rappresentanti  delle  piii  importanti  lingue  di 
quella  famiglia  potessero  unirsi  in  un  congresso  e  trovarsi  d'accordo  a  pro- 
posito  di  una  lingua  in  comune,  dopo  le  altre  famiglie  potrebbero  fare  lo 
stesso,  ed  eventualmente  una  lingua  universale  potrebbe  risultare. 

Supponendo  che  un  congresso  si  riunisca  composto  di  eminenti  filo- 
loghi  e  poliglotti,  che  rappresentassero  le  seguenti  dieci  lingue:  Inglese, 
Francese,  Spagnuolo,  Portoghese,  Italiano,  Tedesco,  Olandese,  Danese 
Norvega,  Svedese,  e  Russo.  Quest'  assemblea  cosi  convenuta,  rappre- 
senterebbe  in  tal  modo  tutte  le  piu  importanti  lingue  Indo-Germaniche 
e  potrebbero  bene  assumere  I'incarico  di  agire  per  tutta  I'intera  famiglia 
nella  formazione  di  una  lingua  da  usarsi  in  comune. 

Una  volta  riuuito  il  congresso,  il  primo  passo  da  prendersi  nella 
formazione  di  una  nuova  lingua,  sarebbe  di  stabilire  parole  primitive  o 
radicali,  sulle  quali  si  potrebbero  formare  derivativi.  Dove  dobbiamo 
noi  andare  a  cercare  queste  parole?  Dove,  se  non  fra  le  lingue  gia  in 
comune  uso  fra  i  dieci  popoli,  rappresentati  nel  congresso  ?  Comepura 
giustizia  ai  loro  constituenti,  sarebbe  necessario  che  il  congresso  osser- 
vasse  che  una  lingua  non  e  formata  sopra  la  testa  della  gente  a  disprezzo 
delle  loro  parole,  gia  comunemente  in  uso. 

In  primo  luogo,  vi  e  un  gran  numero  di  parole,  ognuna  delle  quali 
non  solamente  possiede  un  medesimo  significato,  ma  quasi  un  simile  su- 
ono,  in  cada  una  delle  dieci  lingue;  e  questo  e  manifestamente  il  primo 
luogo  per  cercare  la  radice  delle  parole. 

Vi  sono  piu  di  2000  parole  di  questo  carattere  in  uso  comune,  ognuna 
di  queste  omofonica  in  tutte  le  dieci  lingue. 

Quaudo  queste  parole  saranno  esaurite,  la  prossima  sorgente  di  ricer- 
che  sarebbe  fra  quelle  parole  che  si  assomiglierebbero  fra  nove  delle  dieci 
lingue,  poi  fra  otto,  poi  fra  sette,  e  cosi  di  seguito.  Proseguendo  questo 
corso,  molto  prima  di  arrivare  al  limite  di  una  sola  lingua,  la  sor- 
gente della  ricerche  per  la  radice  delle  parole  diventerebbe,  praticamente 
parlando,  inesauribile,  poiche  ogni  lista  di  parole  ottenute  in  tal  modo 
sarebbe  piu  grande  della  precedente,     II  numero  delle  parole  che   sareb- 

19 


IDEE   CONCERNENTI    UNA    LINGUA    DA    USARSI    IN    COMUNE  ERA  I  POPOLI 

bero  trovate  nella  maggior  parte  di  queste  liugue  ammonterebbe  a  delle  di- 
ecine  di  migliaia. 

Applicando  iin  principio  piu  limitato  di  associazione  conteso,  si  puo 
fare  usando  frasi  omofoniche  e  come  e  stato  fatto  nel  nostro  fascicolo 
"  Conversazioni  Omofonetiche, "  redatto  in  quattro  lingue. 

II  Prof.  Schleyer,  nel  "Volapiik",  intraprese  la  formazione  di  una 
nuova  lingua.  Quantunque  questo  suo  sistema  avesse  un  assai  breve 
popolarita,  (il  mondo  sentendo  ilbisogno  di  qualche  cosa  di  nuovo,)  pure 
in  pochi  anni  provo  di  essere  un  fiasco  completo.  II  Prof.  Schleyer  com- 
mise  un  errore,  in  prime  luogo,  cercando  di  formare  una  nuova  lingua. 
Nessun  uomo  e  capace  di  tanto. 

Eppoi  il  suo  piu  grande  eirore  fu  nel  non  voler  riconoscere  il  prin- 
cipio che  le  sue  parole,  diro  radicali,  dovessero  esser  comuni  alle  altre 
lingue.  Prendete  per  esempio  la  parola  thread.  Si  svolge  cosi:  in  In- 
glese,  thread;  in  Danese-Norvega,  traad;  in  Svedese,  trad;  in  Olandese, 
draad;  in  Francese,  fil;  in  Italiano,  filo;  in  Spagnuolo,  hilo;  in  Porto- 
ghese,  fio;  InTedesco,  faden;  in  Russo,  nitka. 

Ecco  qui  una  parola  con  un  suono  eguale  in  quattro  lingue,  e  un' 
altra  parola,  del  tutto  difierente,  ma  con  un  simile  suono  in  quattro  altre 
lingue.  Pure  il  Prof.  Schleyer,  ignorando  queste  otto  lingue  e  quest i  ot- 
to popoli,  prese  la  parola  radicale  da  una  sola  lingua.  Dal  Tedesco  faden 
egli  prese  fad  come  la  parola  radicale  filo. 

Per  ottenere  una  parola  tanto  corta  che  possibile  ed  una  che 
risounasse  similmente  in  tante  lingue  che  fosse  possibile,  la  voce  primi- 
tiva  o  radicale  dovrebbe  essere  fil,  dal  Francese  fil,  Latino  filum.  Da  cio 
comeradice,  noi  abbiamo  gia  molti  derivativiin  Inglese,  come:  Filament, 
filaceous,  filar,  file,  filiform,  filiferous,  fillet,  eccetera.  L,e  tre  lingue  le 
quali  si  aflSgliano  coll'  Inglese  nella  parola  thread,  posseggono  anche  pa- 
recchi  di  quest!  derivativi;  di  modo  che  la  parola  fil  sarebbe  piu  o  meno 
familiare  alle  altre  quattro. 

Mentre  che  fad,  significando  thread,  potrebbe  esser  riconosciuto  da 
uu  Tedesco,  sarebbe  una  strana  parola  per  un  Inglese,  per  un  Amer- 
icano, per  uno  Spagnuolo,  per  un  Portoghese,  per  un  Italiano,  per  un 
Olandese,  per  un  Danese,  per  un   Norvega,   per  uno    Svedese,   e  per  un 

Russo. 

Una  lingua  universale  non  ha  bisogno  di  aspettareper  un'universale 
comunita.  Molto  e  gia  stato  fatto  collo  scopo  di  unire  la  razza,  e  non 
6  da  pretendere  molto,  che  prima  di  non  poche  diecine  d'anni  siano  pas- 
sate,  una  lingua  universale,  iuvece  di  essere  un  soguo  utopico  o  mille- 
nario,  diventi  una  gloriosa  realta. 

20 


|0m0fjl)0utfd)C0  Hl0rteruer^ctd|ni0 

2Ucl7r  a  Is  2  0  00    IDortcr 


'l^elcfic  cincn  ^(eic^en  2aut  unb 
93cbcutimg  in  jc^n  ticrfrfjicbcnctt 
2  |J  r  CI  f^  c  n     i)abcn,    ndmnrf)  t 


gufamincngetragen  von  Cl^arles  3.  tPaite,  ^l.  211. 


Hebft 


„Betrad7tun^cn,  bctrcffenb  cine  alli^emetne  Spracfjc,"  ubcrfcl>t  in  jo5e 

bcr  obt^en  5etjn  Sprad^cn;  mtt  einem  crfldrenbcn  ^tuffafec  iibcr 

bcnfelbcn   (Sc^jenftanb   in   bet  cnglifdjcu   Spradje. 


CHICAGO 

C.    V.    WAITE     &    CO. 
1901 


V  O  R  W  O  R  T 


Die  Frage  in  Bezug  einer  allgemeinen  Sprache,  ist  von  grosster 
Wichtigkeit  fiir  das  menschliche  Geschlecht,  und  zieht  jetzt  mehr  als 
je  die  Aufmerksamkeit  der  civilizirten  Welt  auf  sich, 

Sollte  man  sich  dazuentschliessen,  diese  grosse  Aufgabe  zu  loseu, 
das  Erste  was  man  eu  thun  hatte  ware  zu  behalten  und  gebrauchen  was 
wir  schon  gemeinschaftlich  haben.  Die  Worter  oder  Redeweise  welche 
in  verschiedenen  Sprachen  gleich  sind,  sollte  man  als  Grundlage  ge- 
brauchen, worauf  zu  bauen  ware, 

Wenn  eine  neue  Sprache  gebildet  werden  soil,  muss  sie  aus  diesen 
Materialien  zusammengesetzt  werden. 

Der  Zweck  dieses  Worterverzeichnis  ist  zu  zeigen  welch  grosse  An- 
zahl  Worter  sich  gleich  sind  in  beinahe  alien  Indo-Germanischen 
Sprachen.  Es  ist  kaum  nothig  zu  bemerken  dass  viele  dieser  Worter 
eine  etwas  verschiedene  Bedeutung  haben  in  den  verschiedenen  Sprachen. 
Wenn  aber  auch  die  Bedeutung  anfanglich  dieselbe  ware,  wiirde  diese 
sich  bald  verandern  oder  modificiren  in  Uebereinstimmung  mit  den  Ma- 
nieren  und  Gewohnheiten  und  Denkweise  der  Volker  von  denen  die 
Worter  gebraucht  werden,  Indessen,  ungeachtet  all  dieser  TJngleich- 
heiten,  und  Verschiedenheiten  besteht  eine  wesentliche  Gleichartigkeit  in 
Klang  und  Bedeutung. 

Diese  nun  sind  die  Worter  von  welchen  die  Wurzelworter  fiir  eine  all- 
gemeine  Sprache  fiir  die  Indo-Germanischen  Volker  zu  entnehmen  sind, 

Auf  welche  Weise  die  Sprache  selber  zusammenzusetzen  ware, 
miisste  von  hervorragenden  Philologen  und  Sprachgelehrten,  welche  zu 
diesem  Zwecke  zu  wahlen  sind,  entschieden  werden. 

In  dem  Aufsatze  welches  auf  dieses  Verzeichnis  folgt,  hat  der  Ver- 
fasser  seine  Ansichten  auseinandergesetzt,  welche  einleitende  Schritte  zu 
nehmen  waren  um  ein  solcher  Reform  zu  Stande  zu  bringen.  Ein  Aus- 
zug  dieses  Aufsatzes  ist  in  den  andern  neun  Sprachen  iibersetzt  worden. 

Der  Verfasser  fiihlt  sich  hinreichend  fiir  seine  Miihe  entschadigt, 
wenn  cs  ihm  gelungen  ist,  einige  Andeutungen  niederzulegeu,  welche 
bei  (er  Ausfiihrung  eines  solchen  Unternehmens  Verwendung  finden 
konnien.  C,  B.  W. 

Chicago,  H)04. 

22 


BETRACHTUNGEN  BETREFFEND  EINE  ALLGEMEINE 

SPRACHE 


Es  wiirde  keine  universale  Spracbe  sein,  vorlaufig  wenigstens  nicht 
— dazu  wiirde  wohl  hundert  oder  mehr  Jahren  nothig  sein — jedoch  eine 
Sprache  von  welcher  die  Indo-Germanischen  Volker  gemeinsamen  Ge- 
brauch  maclien  konnten.  Wenn  Vertreter  der  wichtigsten  Sprachen 
dieser  Volker  zu  einer  Versammlung  znsammen  komnien  und  sich  iiber 
eine  allgemeine  Sprache  einigen  konnten,  die  andern  Volker  konnten 
spater  dasselbe  thun,  und  nacb  und  nach  eine  universale  Sprache  wiirde 
entstehen. 

Gesetzt  eine  Versammlung  findet  statt,  zusammengestellt  von  her- 
vorragenden  Philologen  und  Sprachgelehrten,  welche  die  nachstehenden 
zehn  Sprachen  representiren:  Englisch,  Franzosisch,  Spanisch,  Portugie- 
sisch,  Italienisch,  Deutsch,  Hollandisch,  Danisch-Norwegisch,  Schwed- 
isch,  und  Russisch.  Diese  Versammlung,  vertretend  die  wichtigsten  In- 
do-Germanischen Sprachen,  konnte  wohl  im  Stande  sein  eine  allgemeine 
Sprache  zusammenzustellen. 

Das  Erste  was  diese  Versammlung  nun  zu  thun  hatte,  um  eine  neue 
Sprache  zu  bilden,  ware  das  Feststellen  von  urspriinglichen  oder  Wurzel- 
worter,  von  welchen  Ableitungen  gemacht  werden  konnten.  Wo  werden 
wir  diesen  Worter  suchen  miissen?  Wo  sonst  als  in  den  Sprachen  welche 
schon  im  allgemeinen  Gebrauch  sind  von  den  zehn  Volkern  welche  in  der 
Versammlung  vertretensind?  Es  ist  nur  zu  erwarten,  dass  die  Versamm- 
lung darauf  sehen  sollte,  dass  eine  Sprache  nicht  formirt  wird  ohne  Bezug 
zu  nehmen  auf  ihren  eigenen  Worter  welche  schon  im  allgemeinen  Ge- 
brauch sind. 

Erstens,  gibt  es  ein  grosser  Anzahl  Worter  von  welchen  ein  jedes 
nicht  alleineine  gleiche  Bedeutung  hat,  sondern  audi  beinahe  denselben 
Laut  besitzt,  in  jeder  der  zehn  Sprachen;  und  es  liegt  auf  der  Hand  dass 
man  da  die  Wurzelworter  finden  wiirde. 

Es  gibt  iiber  2000  Worter  dieser  Art  im  allgemeinen  Gebrauch,  ein 
jedes  homophonisch  in  jeder  der  zehn  Sprachen. 

Wenn  dieser  Vorrat  Worter  erschopft  sein  wird,  der  nachste  Vor- 
rat  wiirde  bestehen  aus  Worter  welche  gleichartig  waren  in  neun  der 
zehn  Sprachen;  dann  solchen  die  gleichartig  waren  in  acht;  dannsieben, 
und  so  abwarts.  Sollte  man  diese  Richtung  folgen,  lange  bevor  die  Grenze 
einer  einzelnen  Sprache  erreicht  sein  wird,  wiirde  die  Bezugsquelle 
fiir  Wurzelworter  einfach  unerschopflichsein,  denn  jede  Eiste  von  Worter 
dieser  Art  erlangt,  wiirde  grosser  sein  als  die  vorhergehende. ,  Die  Anzahl 

23 


solcher  Worter  welche  in  der  Mehrzahl  dieser  Sprachen  zu  finden  waren, 
wiirde  man  bis  in  den  zehntausenden  zahlen  konnen. 

Jedoch  sind  es  nicht  nur  Worter,  sondern  auch  ganze  Siitze,  welche 
man  homophonisch  gebrauchen  kann,  wie  wir  in  unsere  "  Homophonic 
Conversations"  in  vier  Sprachen  gezeigt  haben. 

Prof.  Schleyer,  Erfinder  der  Volapiik,  nahm  auf  sich  eine  neue 
Sprache  zusammenzustellen.'  Obgleich  seine  Methode  sich  anfanglich 
eine  kurze  Popularitat  erfreute — man  fiihlte  das  Bediirfniss  von  etwas — 
bewies  es  sich  jedoch  innerhalb  wenige  Jahren  als  ein  totaler  Fehlschlag. 
Prof.  Schleyer  beging  einen  Fehler,  indem  er  versuchen  wollte,  ein  neue 
Sprache  zu  bilden. 

Niemand  ist  im  Stande  dies  zu  thun.  Jedoch  sein  grosster  Irr- 
thum  war,  dass  er  den  Grundsatz  nicht  anerkannte,  dass  seine  Wurzel- 
worter  mit  andern  Sprachen  iibereinstimmen  soUten.  Man  nehme  zum 
Beispiel  das  Wort  thread.  Dieses  ist:  Englisch,  thread;  Danisch-Norweg- 
isch,  Traad;  Schwedisch,  trad;  Hollandisch,  draad;  Franzosisch,  fil;  Ital- 
ienisch,  filo;  Spanisch.hilo;  Portugiesisch,  fio;  Deutsch,  Faden;  Russisch, 
nitka.  Hier,  nun,  haben  wir  ein  Wort  welches  einen  gleichen  Klang  in  vier 
Sprachen  hat,  und  ein  anderes  Wort,  ganzlich  verschieden,  aber  mit  ein- 
em  gleichen  Klange,  in  vier  anderen  Sprachen.  Trotzdem  hat  nun  Prof. 
Schleyer,  indem  er  diese  acht  Sprachen  and  diese  acht  Volker  unbeachtet 
lasst,  sein  Wurzelwort  aus  einer  einzigen  Sprache  entnommen.  Vom 
deutschen  Wort  Faden  nahm  er  fad  als  Wurzelwort  fur  thread. 

Um  nun  ein  Wort  zu  bekommen,  welches  so  kurz  wie  moglich  ist, 
und  welches  gleich  klingt  in  so  viele  Sprachen  als  moglich,  das  urspriing- 
liche  oder  Wurzelwort  miisste  nun  sein  fil,  vom  Franzosischen  fil,  latein- 
isch  filum.  Von  diesem  W^ort  als  Wurzel  genommen,  besitzen  wir  schon 
viele  Ableitungen  im  Englischen,  z.  B:  Filament,  filaceous,  filar,  file,  fil- 
iform, filiferous,  fillet,  u.  s.  w.  Die  drei  Sprachen  welche  mit  dem  eng- 
lischen Wort  thread  libereinstimmen  haben  ebenfalls  verschiedene  solclie 
Ableitungen;  in  diesem  Falle  also  ware  das  Wort  fil  mehr  oder  weniger 
alien  diesen  vier  Volker  bekannt,  wahrend  es  den  andern  vier  Volker 
gut  bekannt  ware. 

Indem  nun  fad,  in  der  Bedeutung  von  thread,  von  einem  Deutscher 
leicht  zu  erkennen  ware,  wiirde  es  ein  fremdes  Wort  sein  fiir  ein  Engliind- 
cr  oder  Amerikaner,  ein  Franzose,  ein  Spanier,  ein  Portugiese,  ein  Itali- 
e  ner ,  ein  Hollander,  ein  Dane  oder  Norweger,  ein  Schwede,  oder  ein  Russe. 

Eine  universale  Sprache  braucht  nicht  zu  warten  bis  eine  universale 
Gemeinde  eingefiihrt  ist.  Es  ist  schon  viel  geschehen  umdie Volker  naher 
zu  einander  zu  bringen  und  zu  vereinigen;  und  es  wird  wohl  nicht  zu  viel 
gesagt  sein,  das  be vor  viele  Jahrzehnte  vergehen  eine  universale  Sprache, 
anstatt  ein  utopischer  Traum,  eine  glorreiche  Wirklichkeit  sein  wird. 


24 


Hofflophoonsch  Woordenlijst 


Bevattende 


OVER    2000    WOORDEN 


Qelijkluidend  en  hcbbende  gelijke 
beteekenis  in  tien  talen;  n.I.: 


Engelsch,  Pransch,  5paansch,    Portugeesch,    Italiaansch, 
Duitsch,  Nederlandsch,  Deensch-Noorweegsch, 
Zweedsch  en    Russisch 


Samengesteld  door  CHARLES  B.  WAITE,  A.  M. 


BENEVENS 


Gedachten  aangaande  eene  algemeeue  taal,"   vertaald  in  elk  der 
'l)Ovengenoemde    talen;  met   een    meer    uitgebreid  artikel 
omtrent  het  zelfde  onderwerp  in  de  Engelsche  taal. 


CHICAGO 

C.    V.    WAITE     &     CO. 


VOORWOORD 

HET  vraagstuk  aangaande  eene  algemeene  taal  is  van  het  grootste 
belang  voor  het  menschelijk  geslacht  en  trekt  nu  meer  dan  ooit, 

de  opraerkzaaniheid  der  beschaafde  wereld  op  zich. 

Het  eerste  dat  zou  moeten  geschieden,  om  dit  vraagstuk  op  te 
lossen,  is:  te  behouden  en  te  gebruiken  wat  wij  alreeds  hebben.  De 
woorden  of  manier  van  uitdrukkiug  welke  gelijk-of  bijna  gelijk  zijn,  in 
verschillende  talen,  zouden  als  grondslag  gebruikt  moeten  worden,  op 
welke  men  zou  kunnen  bouwen.  Indien  eene  nieuwe  taal  gevormd  zou 
worden,  dan  moet  het  met  dit  materiaal  gevormd  worden. 

Het  doel  van  ditWoordenlijst  is,  te  toonen  welk  groot  aantal  van 
woorden  gelijk  zijn,  in  bijna  al  de  Indo-Germaansche  talen.  —  Het  is 
nauwelijks  noodig  er  op  aantewijzen  dat  een  aantal  dezer  woorden,  eene 
eenigzins  verschillende  beteekenis  hebben  in  de  verschillende  talen.  Zelfs 
indien  de  beteekenis  hetzelfde  ware,  zou  deze  toch  spoedig  veranderd 
en  gewijzigd  worden  in  overeenstemming  met  de  manieren,  gewoonten 
en  wijze  van  denken  van  degenen  die  de  woorden  gebruiken.  Evenwel, 
niettegenstaande  dezer  verschillen  en  afwijkingen.  bestaat  er  een  wezen- 
lijke  gelijkheid  van  klank  en  beteekenis. 

Deze  nu,  zijn  de  woorden  die  als  grondslag  voor  eene  algemeene 
taal  voor  de  Indo-Germaansche  volken  kunnen  gebruikt  worden. 

Op  welke  wijze  de  taal  zelve  zou  moeten  gevormd  worden,  zullen 
wij  moeten  overlaten  aan  bekwame  filologen  en  taalgeleerden,  gekozen 
zijnde  voor  dit  doel. 

In  het  artikel  hetwelk  op  deze  woordenlijst  volgt,  heeft  de  schrijver 
zijne  gedachten  en  bedoelingen,  omtrent  de  inleidende  stappen  verklaard, 
welke  zoude  kunnen  genomen  worden,  als  inwijding  van  zulk  een  her- 
vorming.  Eene  verkorting  van  dit  artikel  is  vertaald  in  de  negen  ande- 
reu  talen. 

Indien  hij  het  doel  bereikt  heeft  met  het  geven  van  aanwij/.ingen 
welke  zullen  blijken  van  waarde  te  zijn,  tot  het  beginnen  van  een  werk, 
het  welks  gewigt  door  iedereen  gewaardeerd  wordt,  zal  hij  zich  voor 
zijne  moeite  en  tijd  ten  voile  beloond  gevoelen. 

Ik  wensch  door  deze  mijne  dank  te  betuigen  aan  den  Heer  C. 
Martin,  van  The  Newberry  lyibrary  Chicago,  voor  de  belangstelling  en 
hulp  bewezen  tot  het  tot  stand  brengen  van  dit  werk. 

26 


Gcdachten  aani^aande  cene  algemecne  Taal 


Zou  geen  algemeene  taal  zijn,  voorloopig  uiet  —  daarvoor 
zulleii  er  wel  een  honderd,  of  nog  meer  jaren  voor  noodig 
zijn  — ,  maar  een  taal  die  gebruikt  zou  kunnen  worden  door 
de  Indo-Germaansche  volksstammen.  Indien  vertegenwoor- 
digers  van  de  voornaamste  talen  dczer  volksstammen  samen 
konden  komen  en  tot  het  invoeren  eener  algemeene  taal  kon- 
deu  besluiten,  de  andere  \olksstammen,  dit  voorbeeld  volgende,  de  uit- 
komst  eeue  algemeene  taal  op  te  rigten  ware  verzekerd. 

Veronderstellen  wij  dat  een  vergadering  plaats  vond,  bestaande  uit 
bekwamen  filologen  en  taalkundigen,  vertegenwoordigende  de  volgende 
10  talen:  Engelsch,  Fransch,  Spaansch,  Portugeesch,  Italiaansch, 
Duitsch,  Nederlandsch,  Deensch-Noorweegsch,  Zweedsch  en  Russisch. 
De  vergadering  vertegenwoordigende  als  't  ware  de  voornaamste  Indo- 
Germaansche  talen,  zoude  in  staat  zijn,  de  taak  tot  het  vormen  eener 
algemeene  taal,  op  zicli  te  nemen. 

De  vergadering  voltallig  zijnde,  het  eerste  wat  gedaan  moet  worden 
cm  eene  nieuwe  taal  te  formeeren,  is  het  bevestigen  en  vasthouden  der 
oorspronkelijke  woorden,  van  welken  afleidingen  zouden  kunnen  ge- 
vormd  worden.  —  Waar  zullen  wij  die  woorden  vinden?  Natuurlijk  in 
die  talen  welke  reeds  in  gebruik  zijn  door  de  volken  vertegenwoordigd 
op  de  vergadering.  Het  spreekt  van  zelf  dat  de  vergadering  er  op  moet 
letten,  geene  woorden  te  gebruiken  welke  niet  reeds  in  algemeen  gebruik 
zijn. 

In  de  eerste  plaats,  er  bestaan  een  groot  aantal  woorden,  welke 
ieder,  niet  alien  eene  gelijke  beteekenis,  maar  ook  bijna  de  gelijke  klank 
hebben,  in  elk  der  tien  talen,  en  het  is  slechts  natuurlijk  daaruit  woorden 
te  ontleenen,  om  den  grondslag  van  de  nieuwe  taal  te  leggen. 

Er  zijn  meer  als  2000  zulke  woorden  in  algemeen  gebruik,  ieder 
homophoonsch  in  elk  der  tien  talen. 

Wanneer  deze  voorraad  woorden  uitgeput  is,  de  naaste  bron  van 
voorraad  zoude  zijn,  die  woorden  welke  gelijksoortig  zijn  in  negen  der 
tien  talen;  dan  die  welke  gelijksoortig  zijn  in  aclit;  dan  in  zeven,  dan  in 
zes  talen,  en  zoo  voort.  Op  deze  wijze  is  de  voorraad  van  gelijksoortige 
woorden  nagenoeg  onuitputtelijk,  voor  dat  men  met  eene  taal  ten  einde 
is,  terwijl  elke  lijst  van  woorden  op  deze  manier  verkregen,  grooter  zou 
zijn  dan  de  voorgaande.  Het  aantal  dezer  woorden,  welke  in  de  meeste 
dezer  talen  te  vinden  zijn,  zou  tot  in  de  tienduizende  loopen. 

Eveneeus  als  men   gelijke  woorden  in  de  verschillenHe  talen  voor 

27 


eene  algemeene  taal  gebruiken  kan,  zijn  ook  gelijkluidende,  of  homo- 
phoonsche  zinnen  te  gebruiken,  zoo  als  wij  in  onze  "Homophonic  Con- 
versations" iu  vier  talen,  bewtzen  hebben. 

Prof.  Schleyer  in  the  Volapiik,nam  de  taak  op  zich,  oni  ecne  nieinve 
taal  samentestellen,  maar  hoewel  dezelve  aanvankelijk  gevolg  scheen  te 
hebben, —  men  gevoelde  de  noodzakelijkheid  er  van,  bleek  bet  na  verloop 
van  eenige  jaren  eene  mislukking  te  zijn.  Prof.  Sclileyer  l)egiug  eene 
font  en  wel,  die,  om  eene  nieuwe  taal  te  maken.  Niemand  is  in  staat 
dit  te  volbrengen.  Zijn  grootste  dwaling  bestond  daarin,  om  niet  woor- 
den  van  andere  talen  als  grondslag  te  gebruiken.  Neem,  bij  voorbeeld 
het  woord  "thread."  In  't  Engelsch  "thread";  Deensch-Xoorweegsch 
"traad";  Zweedsch,  "trad";  Nederlandsch,  "draad";  Fransch,  "fil" ; 
Italiaansch,  "filo";  Spaansch,  "hilo";  Portugeesch,  "fio";  Duitsch, 
"faden";  Russisch,  "nitka." 

Hier  nu  is  een  woord  gelijkluidend  in  vier  talen,  en  een  ander  woord 
geheel  verscliillend,  maar  gelijkluidend  in  vier  andere  talen.  Prof. 
Schleyer  evenwel,  legde  deze  acht  talen  en  acht  volken  ter  zijde,  en  nam 
als  grondslag  een  woord  uit  slechts  eeneu  taal.  Van  het  Duitsche  "faden' ' 
nam  hij  "fad"  als  grondslag  voor  draad. 

Om  een  woord  te  verkrijgen  hetgeen  zoo  kort  mogelijk  en  gelijklui- 
dend in  zooveel  talen  als  mogelijk  is,  zoude  het  woord  "fil",  uit  het 
Fransch,  "fil";  L,atijn,  "filum",  moeten  gebruikt  worden.  \'an  dit 
woord  als  een  grondslag,  bestaan  er  reeds  velen  afleidingen  in  het  Engelsch, 
b.v. — Filament,  filaceous,  filar,  file,  filiform,  filiferous,  fillet,  enz.  Dedrie 
talen  welke  overeenstemmen  met  het  Engelsch  aangaande  het  woord 
"thread",  hebben  eveneens  verscheidene  zulke  afleidingen;  in  dit  geval 
nu,  vier  van  deze  volken  zouden  met  het  woord  "fil",  meer  of  min  be- 
kend  zijn,  terwijl  het  bepaald  bekend  zoude  zijn  met  de  andere  vier 
volken. 

Terwijl  "fad",  in  de  beteekenis  van  "draad",  door  een  Duitscher 
makkelijk  te  herkennen  is,  is  het  evenwel  een  vreemd  woord  voor  een 
Engelschman  of  een  Amerikaan,  een  Franschman,  een  Spanjaard,  een 
Portugees,  een  Italiaan,  een  Nederlander,  een  Deen,  een  Noorweger,  eon 
Zweed  of  een  Rus. 

Het  is  niet  noodzakelijk  om  alle  volken  tot  een  te  vereenigen  om 
eene  algemeene  taal  tot  stand  te  brengen.  Er  is  reeds  veel  gedaan  om  de 
ver.schillende  volken  nader  tot  elkander  te  brengen,  en  het  is  buiten 
twijfel  dat,  voor  en  aleer  er  menige  tiental  jaren  voorbij  gegaan  zullen 
zijn,  een  algemeenen  taal,  inplaats  van  een  onmogelijke  droom,  een 
heerlijke  verwezenlijking  zal  zijn. 

28 


^omofoniffi  ^ofiaBufar 


meb 


(Dvcv  cLo  (Luftnbc  ®r5 


af  liac  ^yb  oq, 
Sprog,  nenilicj: 


©ngelfit*  J^trattfh,  ^panfttj  ^Jortueirtrit,  litaUenfU,  ^^yTk, 

0CK  3,^u»rtrh 


Samlet  af  Cfjarles  B.  Waite,  A.  M. 


(EiUigcmeb 

"2tutYbnin^er  til  ct  ^t-cllcsfproj,,"  orcrfat  til  brcrt  af  be 

ODcnna:untc  Sprocj  mob  en  mere  ubfcsrli^  2lrtifcl 

om  fammc  (£mne  paa  (Eiujelff. 


CHICAGO 
C.  Y.  WAITE    &   CO. 


^oroth 


^3^p0xq  •§  nta  a  I  e  t  om  et  5cEUe»)prot3  cr  af  ft0r|te  SSigtig^eb  for  9JJenne)'fei"(cEg= 
^^     ten  oi]  paafalber  mt  mere  enb  f0r  ben  ciDiliferebe  S3erben§  Dpma'rf]onit)eb. 

i8cb  etl}Uert  ^oi^l't^S/  ber  maatte  gj^re^  );)aa  at  \0]t  bette  ftore  problem, 
ffulbe  bet  f0r[te  nacre  at  bedarc  og  brnge,  Ijoab  atlerebe  er  fixtle§  Gienbom. 

^e  Drb  og  Ubtri)t^maaber,  fom  er  be  famme  eQer  nogenlnnbe  be  famme  i 
for[fjcHige  ©prog,  burbe  blioe  ben  (SJrunbdoIb,  fjOorpaa  di  ffulbe  bt)gge. 

©aafremt  et  nt)t  Sprog  [fal  banne^5,  maa  bet  opfsreS  af  bi§fe  SJ^aterialer. 

ipenfigten  meb  bette  iBofabuIar  er  at  dife,  Ijdilfet  nljijre  ftort  Drbforraab  er 
fcelle^  for  nceften  alle  inbo^germanffe  Sprog.  jDet  bet)0de§  fnapt  at  fige§,  at 
mange  af  bi^^fe  Crb  (lar  Ittbet^  afdigenbe  SJJcninger  i  be  forffjellige  ©prog.  @eld 
om  SRcningcn  dor  ben  famme  i  33egi)nbelfen,  dilbe  ben  bog  fnart  bitde  foranbret 
og  (empet  ))aa  i  Ddeven'oftemmelfe  meb  S^ber  og  ©fi!!e  og  Xtrufemaaben  bo§  be 
golf,  ber  brnger  Drbene.  Xrob^  alle  5(fdigelfer  og  goranbringer  er  ber  bog  en 
dcefentlig  Sigfieb  baabe  meb  .^enfi^n  til  Sijb  og  53etijbning. 

^t»fe  Crb  er  bet  ha,  l)0orfra  ©tamorbene  ffulbe  f)entey  for  et  fVcelleSfprog 
blanbt  be  iiibo^germnnffe  golfeflag. 

'^aa  ^dilfen  SOtaabe  felde  ©progct  ffnibe  fouftritereji,  dilbe  bcftemme»  cf 
fremragenbe  gilologer  og  ©progmo^nb,  font  dar  dalgte  i  bet  S'iemeb. 

^  Strtitelen,  fom  fbfgcr  eftcr  benne  gortegnclfe,  f}ar  3oi"fiittcren  lilfulbe 
forftaret  fin  ©ijn^maabe  meb  4')en|i)n  til  be  inblcbenbe  ©fribt,  ber  bor  tagev,  uaar 
bet  gjo^Iber  at  bringc  en  faaban  Sieform  nb  i  5i>erben. 

jDenne  Strtifcl  er  i  forfortet  gorm  bleden  oderfat  paa  oc  anbre  ni  ©prog. 

3cg  ^.niffer  at  bringe  min  lal  til  4-)r.  ©igdarb  ©jiirenfen,  '?(manncnfi-o  deb 
1I)e  9Jeidberri)  Sibrari),  GI)icago,  for  ben  ^utere^fe  ^an  f^ar  taget  t  llbtorclten  af 
bette  9h-bcibe,  og  for  I)an§  bt^gtige  .^ifftp  i  forffjeCligc  ©prog. 

^ar  gorfatteren  opnaaet  at  gide  innf  af  nogen  '^MTrbi  til  ^^saabcgi)iibcl)en 

af  et  58cerf,  f)di§  i8ett)bning  ftaar  flart  for  alle,  ba  dil  bette  dan-e  ©rftatniiig  nof 

for  i)o.n^  Xib  og  5(rbeibe. 

Gf)icago,  1904.  C.   B.   W. 

30 


^intybningcr  til  d  ^ccUcsfprog 


e  t  nilbe  iffe  fra  f^rft  a']  him  et  Uuioerfalfprog,  —  bet  fan  tage  f)un= 
brebe  5(ar  eUer  mere  —  men  et  Sprog,  ber  fan  bliue  fo-lIcS  for  ben 
inbo-germanffe  gamilje.  ^erfom  Sieprfffentanterne  for  be  f tgtigfte 
©prog  inben  benne  eyamilje  funbe  for)amIe§  i  en  ^ongreS  og  fomme 
ooeren§  om  et  fo'IIe'^  Sprog,  turbe  bet  ficrnbe,  ai  be  anbre  ^ami^jet 
bagefter  gjorbe  bet  famme,  og  meb  2;iben  funbe  et  Uniuerfalfprog 
bliDe  9tefultatet. 

8crt  at  en  Songre§  traabte  fammen,  beftaaenbe  af  fremragenbe  jvilologer  og 
(Sprogmcrnb  og  repra'ientereube  folgenbe  ti  Sprog:  ©ngelff,  5>^a"lX  Spanff, 
^ortugififf,  ^taiienff,  Xi)ff,  ^oaanbff,  ^anff=9?orff,  (gdenff  og  9tu§fiff.  ®ennc 
gorfamling  uilbe  ncmltg  ba  reprosfentere  ade  be  bigtigfte  tnbo  germanffe  Sprog 
og  funbe  ncl  aittagc^i  at  I^anble  paa  f)e(e  gamiljeu'o  ^^egne,  naar  bet  gjalbt  Xan= 
nelfen  af  et  fcelleS  ©prog. 

Saafnart  .^ongre^fen  t»ar  forfamlet,  dtlbe  hot  fprfte  Sfribt  til  jDannelfen  of 
et  nt)t  Sprog  Do^re  at  opftitle  primitive  Crb  eller  Stamorb,  fjiioraf  be  aflebebeCrb 
funbe  banned,  ^oor  ffal  bi  oenbe  o§  f)en  for  biSfe  €rb?  ^Dor  anbetfteb§  enb 
til  be  Sprog,  fom  allerebe  bent)ttel  af  be  ti  ^yolf,  font  er  leprcefenteret  paa  ^on= 
gre§fen. 

3impel  9tetfoerbigf)eb  mob  bere§  SScelgere  Uilbe  forlange,  at  Slongre^fen  ftulbe 
fe  til,  at  iffe  et  Sprog  bi)ggebe§  op  ooer  ^odeberne  paa  ^olf  i  9?ingeagt  for  bere» 
egne  Crb,  fom  allerebe  er  i  fostleg  Srug. 

gor  bet  f0rfte  er  ber  et  ftort  gorraab  paa  Crb,  I)Ooraf  boert  enfelt  iffe  alenc 
f)ar  en  tige  SUJening,  men  noeften  ben  famme  Cijb  paa  I^nert  af  be  ti  Sprog,  og  bette 
er  ba  aabenbart  bet  fj^rfte  Steb  at  ^enoenbe  fig  for  ©tamorb. 

2!er  er  otier  2000  Crb  af  bcnne  Slarafter  i  fcctteS  33rug,  fpert  af  bem  af  lige 
C^b  (^cmofoniff)  i  aHe  be  ti  ©prog. 

31 


DJaor  bi^fe  Drb  engang  er  ubt^mte,  t)i(  ben  ncci'te  ^orraabSfilbe  ucrre  be  Crb, 
man  paa  lignenbe  SJJaabe  tan  forftflge  gjemiem  iii  a]  be  ti  Sprog;  berpaa  be  gjeu= 
neiii  otte;  fan  ]i)i\  og  iaa  toibere  nebooer.  Sfulbe  bette  fortitxtte^,  mlbe  ^orraab»= 
filbenie  for  Stamorb,  Iitiige  fcfr  man  fom  til  ^jbergrcrnieii  a]  et  enfelt  Sprog  i 
^irfeligtieben  Dcrre  uubti.imme(ige,  fibeii  enf)tter  faabau  9icrffe  af  Crb  bilbe  blibe 
ftjsrre  enb  ben  foregaaenbe.  5(nta(Iet  at  faabanne  Crb,  fom  tiilbe  finbe»  i  be  flefte 
af  bi§fe  Sprog,  funbe  tcellcg  i  ti  tufinbbiS. 

@n  mere  begro^nfet  5(nt3enbelfe  of  bette  SammenftillingSprincip  fan  gj0re§ 
beb  at  benijtte  ligehjbenbe  8cEtninger,  fom  ni  liar  gjort  i  nor  „§omopf)onic  (Ion= 
t)erfotion»"  i  fire  Sprog. 

^rofeSfor  Sc^IeQer  forf^gte  ot  fonftruere  et  ni)t  8prog,  ^^olapiif.  Uagtct 
^an^  @i)ftem  bar  en  fort  2ib  populcer  —  golf  fplte  5iobDenbigf)eben  af  noget  — 
t)ifte  bet  fig  bog  i  Sjubet  af  nogle  faa  5tor  at  bcere  et  abfolut  migli)ffet  Jorf^g. 
^rofeSfor  3d)Iei)er  begif  for  bet  f0rfte  et  geilgreb  berbeb.  at  ^an  forf^gte  paa  at 
banne  et  ni)t  Sprog.     ^"9^"  ^^  SJJanb  for  bet. 

Thn  i)ai\^  ftorfte  5ei(  beftob  i,  at  f)on  ooerfaa  ^^rincipet  om,  at  f;an»  iStam- 
orb  ffulbe  t)ccre  fcetleS  t  anbre  ©prog.  Sag  f.  QU.  Drbet  2;raab.  2)et  ^eber: 
Sngelff,  „Xf)reab";  2)anff=9?orff,  „Sraab";  Soenff,  „Xrab";  |)oaanbff,  „Traab"; 
granff,  „^iV' ;  Stalienft,  „5ilo";  Spanff,  „|)iIo";  ^:}5ortugi|ift,  „5io";  HdH, 
„5aben";  9tu§fiff,  „9?itfa". 

''Rn,  I)er  er  et  Drb  meb  lige  2t)b  i  fire  Sprog,  og  et  anbet  Crb,  ganftc  for- 
ffjefligt,  men  meb  lige  iiijb  t  fire  anbre  ©prog.  SlUigenel  forbigif  '^rofe^for 
(Sd)Iei)er  bigfe  otte  ©prog  og  bi§fe  otte  j^olfeflag  og  tog  fit  ©tomorb  fra  et  enefte 
©prog,     j^ra  bet  tt)ffe  „5aben"  tog  !^an  „$^ab"  fom  ©tamorbet  for  Sraab, 

gor  at  Ijaiie  et  faa  fort  Crb  fom  mulig  og  bert)D§  et,  ber  oilbe  tjo're  Iige= 
It)benbe  i  faa  mange  ©prog  fom  mulig,  burbe  bet  oprinbelige  ©tamorb  f)er  ocere 
„gil",  paa  £atin  „(yi(um".  ^xa  bette  fom  9tob  l^ar  oi  aHerebe  mange  5lftebninger 
paa  (Sngelft,  faalebe»  filament,  filaceous,  filar,  file,  filiform,  filiferou^,  fiQet,  o.  f.  0. 
^e  tre  ©prog,  ber  er  befloegtet  nteb  (gngelff  i  ^enfeenbe  til  Drbet  „XI)reab",  fjar 
ogfaa  f(ore  af  bi^fe  I'Iftebelfer,  faa  at  Drbet  ,,'^U"  oilbe  bi§fe  3^oIf  inxre  mere  eCler 
tninbre  fortrolige  meb,  meben»  be  anbre  fire  oilbe  ba?re  ganffe  fortrolige  bcrmcb. 

ajJeben^  «Sa^"  me^  S3ett)bning  Xraab  funbe  forftaaeS  af  en  Sttjffer,  bilbe  bet 
bare  et  frcmmeb  Drb  for  en  (5ngla>nber  efler  en  5lmerifaner,  ligefaa  for  en  ?^ranff 
manb,  ©panier,  ^ortugifer,  ^taliener,  |)olIa;nber,  ^anffe  eller  5iorbmanb,  ©oenffe 
efler  9tu^fer. 

Gt  Unioerfalfprog  befjboer  iffe  at  oente  paa  en  Unioerfalftat.  9Kcget  er 
ailerebe  gjort  for  at  binbe  SJienneffeflregten  fammen,  og  bet  er  iffe  for  mcget  at 
Dente,  at  om  iffe  ret  mange  Slartier  bi(  et  Unioerfalfprog  fra  at  bate  en  jiJrfe^Ib'^, 
utopiff  !Dr0m,bIiDe  en  gtimrenbe  3SirfeIig^eb. 

32 


HOMOPHONISK   ORDBOK 


Innehallande 


OFVER  2000   ORD 


af  lika  Ijud  och  Ilka  betydel»e 
i  tlo  sprSk,  namllRen : 

Engelska,  franska.  spanska,  portugisiska,  italienska. 

tyska,  hollandska,  dansk-norska, 

svenska  och  ryska 


Utarbetad  af  CHARLES  B.  WAITE,  A.  M. 


JEMTE 


"Tankar  ufver  ett  gemensamt  sprak"  ufversatt  pa  hvardera 

af  de  ofvannlimnda  spraken,  med  en  mera  utfurlig 

artikel  i  samma  iimne  pa  engelska. 


CHICAGO 
C.   V.   WAITE   &   CO. 

19  0  4 


F^OREXAL 

FrAgAN  om  ett  gemensamt  sprak  tir  af  den  storsta  vigt  fOr  mennisko- 
sliigtet,  och  tager  nu  nier  an  nagonsin  den  civiliserade  verldens 

uppmiirksamhet  i  ansprak. 

I  livarje  forsok  att  losa  detta  stora  problem  m:\ste  man  i  fiJrsta 
rummet  bevara  och  begagna  det  som  redan  iir  gemensamt.  Ord  eller 
uttryck,  som  aro  desamma  eller  niistan  desamma  i  olika  sprak,  skulle 
utgora  den  grund,  pa  hvilken  man  ma  bygga. 

Om  ett  nytt  sprak  skall  bildas,  maste  det  konstrueras  af  dessa 
materialier. 

Andamalet  med  denna  ordbok  iir  att  pavisa,  hvilken  stor  massa  ord 
iir  gemensam  fur  niistan  alia  de  indo-germanska  spraken. 

Det  iir  knappast  nodigt  att  siiga,  att  manga  af  dessa  ord  hafva  nagot 
olika  mening  i  olika  sprak.  Afven  om  meningen  ursprungligen  varit 
densamma,  skulle  den  snart  iindrats  eller  modifierats  i  enlighet  med 
seder,  bruk  och  tiinkesiitt  hos  de  folk,  af  hvilka  orden  anviindts.  Icke 
destomindre,  oaktadt  alia  skiljaktigheter  och  variationer,  fiirefinnes  en 
viisentlig  likhet  bade  i  Ijud  och  mening. 

Dessa  Jiro  de  ord,  friin  hvilka  skulle  tagas  rot-orden  fi'ir  ett  sprak 
gemensamt  fi)r  de  indo-germanska  folken.  Pa  hvad  siitt  sjelfva  spraket 
skulle  konstrueras,  blefve  en  fraga  for  framstaende  philologer  och  lin- 
guister  siirskilt  utsedda  och  valda  for  detta  lindamiil. 

I  artikeln  foljande  ordlistan  har  forfattaren  fullt  utvecklat  siiia 
asigter  betriiffande  de  forsta  stegen  for  vidtagandet  af  en  sadan  reform. 
Ett  utdrag  af  denna  artikel  har  ofversatts  pa  de  andra  nio  spraken. 

Om  han  lyckats  framkasta  vinkar  af  nagot  viirde  betriifTande  siittet 
att  biJrja  ett  arbete,  hvars  vigt  iir  allmiint  erkiind,  skall  han  kiiiina  sig 
vitl  belOnad  for  sin  tid  och  moda. 

Chicago,  1904.  C.  B.  W. 

34 


Tankar  rorande  ett  gemensamt  sprSk 


ET  blefve  ej  strax  ett  universal-sprak — detta  torde  kr:ifva 
hundra  ar  eller  mer — utan  ett  sprak  gemensamt  kauske  fur 
den  indo-germanska  familjen.  Oin  representanter  fi'T  denna 
familjs  vigtigaste  sprak  kimde  motas  i  en  kongress  och 
komma  ofverens  om  ett  gemensamt  sprak,  kunde  de  andra 
familjerna  sedan  gura  detsamma,  och  ett  universal-sprak 
eventuellt  uppsta. 

Antag  en  kongress  sammansatt  af  framstaende  philologer  och  lin- 
guister,  representerande  fiiljande  tio  sprak:  engelska,  franska,  spanska, 
portugisiska,  italienska,  tyska,  hoUandska,  dansk-norska,  svenska  och 
ryska.  En  sadan  fSrsamling,  representerande,  som  den  gjorde,  alia  de 
vigtigare  indo-germanska  spraken,  matte  val  kunna  pataga  sig  att  handla 
for  hela  familjen  i  och  fr)r  bildandet  af  ett  gemensamt  sprak. 

Forsta  steget  i  formandet  af  det  nya  spraket  blefve  bestiimmandet  af 
de  primitiva  eller  rot-orden,  efter  hvilka  de  derivativa  orden  kunde 
fornias.  Hvar  skulle  man  fa  dessa  senare?  Hvar,  om  icke  i  de  sprak 
redan  i  allmant  bruk  hos  de  tio  folk  representerade  i  kongressen?  Simpel 
rattvisa  kriifde,  att  kongressen  skulle  tillse,  att  det  nya  spraket  ej  bildades 
sjelfsvaldigt,  utan  hiinsyn  till  de  ord,  som  hvart  och  ett  folk  redan  hade 
i  allmant  bruk. 

I  fursta  rummet  ar  det  en  stor  miingd  ord,  hvart  och  ett  af  hvilka 
har  icke  blott  samma  mening  utan  niistan  samma  Ijud  i  hvart  och  ett  af 
de  tio  spraken,  och  i  dessa  ord  finna  vi  tydligen  rot-orden. 

Det  iir  (■>fver  2000  ord  af  detta  slag  i  gemensamt  bruk,  hvarje  ord 
homophoniskt  i  alia  tio  spraken. 

Niir  denna  fursta  klass  af  rot-ord  iir  uttomd,  finner  man  en  ny  for- 
radskiilla  i  de  ord,  som  pa  liknande  satt  genomga  nio  af  de  tio  spraken; 
derpa  i  de  ord,  som  genomga  atta;   sedan  i  de,   som  genomga  sju  sprak, 

35 


o.  s.  V.  PA,  denna  vJig  skall  man,  langt  innan  man  uppniltt  griinseu  af  clt 
sprak,  finna  en  praktiskt  outtomlig  tillgung  pa  rot-ord,  emedan  hvarje 
efterfoljande  klass  blir  storre.  Ocli  autalet  af  de  ord,  som  aterfinnas  i 
ett  flertal  af  de  tio  spraken,  kan  raknas  i  tiotusental. 

En  mera  begriinsad  tillJimpning  af  associationsprincipen  i  iimnet 
ifraga  kan  goras  genom  homophoniska  meningar,  sasoni  f()rfattaren 
gjort  i  "Homophonic  Conversations"  ur  fyra  sprak. 

Prof.  Schleyer  furetog  sig  i  "Volapyk"  att  konstruera  ett  nytt  sprak. 
Kburu  bans  system  atnjot  en  kort  popularitet — man  kiinde  behofvet  af 
nagonting  i  den  viigen — visade  det  sig  dock  inom  nagra  fa  ar  vara  ytter- 
ligt  opraktiskt.  Prof.  Schleyer  begick  i  forsta  rummet  det  misstaget  att 
forsCka  skapa  ett  nytt  sprak.  Och  ingen  man  iir  ensam  miiktig  ett  sa- 
dant  foretag. 

Men  bans  storsta  misstag  lag  deruti,  att  ban  ej  insag,  att  rot-orden 
maste  vara  gemensamma  for  andra  sprilk.  Tag  t.  ex.  ordet  "trad." 
Det  ar  pa  engelska  "thread,"  pa  dansk-norska  "traad,"  pa  svenska 
"trad,"  pa  hoUiindska  "  draad,"  pa  franska  "fil,"  italienska  "  filo," 
spanska  "hilo,"  portugisiska  "  fio,"   tyska  "faden,"  ryska  "  nitka. " 

Hiir  iir  nu  ett  ord  med  lika  Ijud  i  fyra  sprak,  och  ett  annat  ord,  all- 
deles  olika,  men  med  lika  Ijud  i  fyra  andra  sprak.  lyikval  ignorerade 
prof.  Schleyer  dessa  atta  sprak  och  dessa  atta  folk,  och  tog  sitt  rot-ord 
f  ran  ett  enastaende  sprak.  Fran  tyska  "faden"  tog  ban  "fad"  som 
rot-ord  for  trad. 

F<ir  att  nu  fa  ett  ord  sa  kort  som  mojligt  och  ett  som  Ijode  lika  i  sa 
manga  sprak  som  mojligt,  skulle  rot-ordet  hiir  vara  "  fil  "  fran  det  fran- 
ska "fil,"  pa  latin  "filum."  Fran  detta  som  rot  ha  vi  redan  manga 
derivater  pa  engelska,  sasom  filament,  filaceous,  filar,  file,  filiform,  fili- 
ferous,  fillet  m.  fl.  De  tre  sprak,  som  affiliera  med  engelskan  i  ordet 
trad,  hafva  afven  flera  af  dessa  derivationer,  sa  att  ordet  "fil"  blefve 
mer  eller  mindre  familiiirt  for  alia  dessa  fyra  folk,  under  det  att  for  de 
andra  fyra  det  vore  viil  bekant. 

Medan  "  fad,"  sasom  menande  trad,  vore  latt  igenkandt  af  en  ty.sk, 
vore  det  ett  alldeles  friimmande  ord  fiJr  en  engelsman  eller  amerikanare, 
en  fransman,  spanjor,  portugis,  italienare,  holliindare,  dansk,  norrman, 
svensk  och  ryss: 

Ett  univer.selt  sprak  beh5fver  ej  viinta  pa  ett  universalsamhiille.  Mycket 
bar  redan  gjorts  fr)r  slagtets  fiirenande,  och  det  ar  icke  fr)rniycket  att 
hoppas,  att,  innan  manga  artionden  gatt  till  iinda,  ett  universal-spriik,  i 
stiillet  fOr  att  vara  blott  en  dr(3m,  skall  blifva  en  hiirlig  verklighet. 

36 


EJMH03ByHHblii 

C  JI  O  B  A  P  B, 


C04epM<aiuiH  6o^te  2,000  c^ob^  HMtioiMHX'b  OAHHaKOBbiii  seyKii  h  oah- 

HaHOBoe  SHaneHie  Ha  aHryiiHCKOMii,    (t>paHi;y3CK0M'b,    McnaHCHOMi>, 

nopryrayibCKOM'b,    Hra/ibflHCKOM'b,    HtMeuHOMi},    roi^aHA- 

CKOMl),     AaTCHO-HOpBeWCHOM'b,     UlBe4CK0M'b    H 
pyCCKOM'b     fl3blKaXl> 


COCTABJIEH'L 

Ha 2)  A  03  0 mtj    E.    Ya  ft  m  o  ji Tj, 


InKoice    cnhyninenie,  un  Knoicdo.Ho    u.3o  smuxo  ksukogt,,  rninnibu   mozo  oice  nemopa 

nodo    3ni.iaeie.Uu: 

„MbicyiM   no  noBOAy   Bceo6iuaro   flSbiKa'' 

H  VO.IHblk   7>ll'hr)llh  JIHttil    cDllliniiH   Hll  (im.liilCKO.Mo  H3blK)h. 


M  H  K  A  r  0, 

c.    B.    y  ;-♦  fi  T  Tj    ii    kq- 

479  By.ii.napi.  /I,H£3KeoH^. 


nPEflMCnOBIE. 


Bonpocb  0  BceoCmeM-b  aauKli  iiciioJiHeH'b  BeanHafiuiefi  BaiKHOcin  jian 
Bcero  MeaoB'liiecTBa,  n  b-b  nocJitAHee  BpeMH,  OoJite  HliMt  Kor^a-jinSo,  npiiBae- 
KaeiTj  BHUMaiiie  i;iiBiLni30BaHHaro  Mipa.  Bt  KaiKAofl  nonbiiKt  kij  paaplimeniio 
axoft  BejiBKOfi  saAaMii  nepBHM-b  At-'ioMt  HaMT>  cTfeAyext  HacianBaTb  na  coepo- 
acenin  Toro,  hto  6ojibmnHCTBO  BbiAaiomnxca  Hauin  yate  HMtei'L  b-b  oSmeM-b. 
Tt  cjiOBa  H  cnoco6br  BbipaHceHia,  Koiopbie  OoJite  hjih  MeH-fee  cxo;iHbL  b-b  pasjinH- 
Hbix-b  iisbiKaxTj,  ;io.iJKHbi  cjiyacnTb  ^yHAaMeHiOMt  TaKoro  npejnpiflTia.  Ecjih 
HOBOMy  H3biKy  Kor;ia  .in6o  cyK^eHO  no.iynnTb  npoHHoe  cymecTBOBanie — oht. 
AoaateHTj  6biTb  nocTpoeHt  nsT^  axnx'b  Marepba.ioB'b. 

I^lfejib  HacToamaro  c.iOBapa — 3to  noKa.saib  KaKoe  rpoMa;iHoe  KOJimecxBO 
CJIOBA  o6iu,e  noHxn  BcfeMT)  nnao-rppMaHCKinrb  HSbiKaMii.  Bpnji'h-.in  ueoGxoAiiMO 
3aMliTnTb,  HTO  MHoria  h-tb  axnx'b  c.ioB'b  iiMliiox'b  H'fccKO.ibKO  pasHbia  SHaneHia 
B-B  H'feKoxopbix'b  a^biKaxT..  Eciii-ubi  AaJKe  sHaieHie  ii  6bi,io  CHa'iaaa  oAnnaKO- 
BbiM-b,  xo  coBpeMeHeM'b  OHO  iiaii  coBepmeHHo,  hjih  jKe,  no  Kparinefi  M-bp'Ii,  cjierKa 

H3MliHHJI0Cb-6bI,  COFJiaCHO   Ch  oSblHaaMH   H   05pa30MTj   Mbim.ieHia   KaJKAOfl    HauiH, 

btj  asbiK'fe  Koxopoft  3xn  e;inH03ByMHbia  caoBa  btd  SoabuieM'B  nan  MenbmeM'B  yno- 
xpeOJienin.  TliM-b  ne  Menbe,  n  ne  CMoxpa  na  nl^Koxopbia  oxcxynaeHia  n  HecxoA- 
cxBa, — Booome  roBopa,  cjiOBa  axn  0(5napyHnBaior'b  cymeexBeHHoe  cxojcxbo  n  bi, 
SByK'fc,  n  BT)  3Ha^eHin.  IIstj  axnx-b-xo  caoBij  c.TB;iOBaJio-ubi  Buunpaxb  Kopnn  a-ih 
aauKa  oSinaro  HHAO-repMaHCKHMTj  napoaaMij.  Ha  KaKoft  Manep-b  axoxij  a3biK'b 
JlOJixeHi,  6hxb  nocxpoeHT)— 3X0  nop'femax'b  BbiAaiomieca  a3biK0B'fe;ibi,  cnei^iaabHO 
BH6paHHHe  ;i;,JiH  axoii  utJin.  Bt  cxaxblb,  noM'femeHHOfl  bt.  KOHut  nacxoamaro 
cjiOBapa,  aBTopij  BnoJiH'Ii  oubacHaex'b  CBon  B3r.ia,ibi  na  xt>  nepBbie  marn,  Koxopue 
6yAyT'b  Heo6xo;iHMbi  bt^  npnexynaenln  k-b  noaooHOi"!  petliopMli.  CoKpamenie  sxoft 
cxaxbH,  B-b  nepeBoj-fe  Ha  ;ipyrie  ;i,eBaxb  a3biK0B'b  (Me;Kay  khmh  h  pyccKifi),  xaKHce 
noM'bmeHO  bi,  axofl  KHnrb.  Ecm  aExopX)  ycn'fea'b  xojibKO  cjliJiaxb  H'fecKo.ibKO 
HaMeKOBt,  Koxoptie  nocjiy^KHjin-obi  b-b  noJiB3y  nanaxia  BejiHKaro  ;t'fejia,  BaHHOcxb 
KOToparo  npH3HaHa  BcfeMn, — 3x0  o;iho  BoanarpaAnxTj  ero  BnoJint  3a  BpeMa  n 
Tpyfl-B   nocBaujenHbie  sxofi  KHnrt. 

n.  B.  yaitx-b. 

Aeniopz  oweAaenio  eupaattnib  cooh)  zjy6oKyw  npu3HnmeabHonnb  Hnooy  A6pa- 
MoeuHy  MaiisMmiy  nsh  Eu6.iiome.Kii  HmSjppn,  Vukuzo,  an  men.ioe  ynacmie  u  no- 
MOt^b  e^  odpaSomKfb  uacmonu^azo  caooapn. 


HHKAro,  1904. 


MbicyiH  no  noBOAy  Bceo6iuaro  H3biKa. 

He  BceMipHbiMTj  GyAei-b  axorb  >i;{biK'b  imaMajili  (aio  noTpeGyenj  cto  .i-fex-b 
nan  ooji'lie), — HO  iiabiKOMi)  oGu;nM'i>  BcbM-b  HHAO-repMaucKHMTj  Hapo;iaM'b.  Ec:ni- 
6bi  iipeACiaBiiTejiH  r.iaBHliftuiiix'b  iL^biKOB-b,  rocnoACTByiomnx'b  Me^K^y  sthmh 
n.ieMeiiaMu,  coopaaiicb  aa  Konrpecb  u  iipiiiii.iu  k'b  coraaciio  Kacareaboo  BceoO- 
maro  M;?biKa,  Tor;;a  Apyrisi  rpyiiiibi  napo;ioirb  coBpeMfHOMi)  iioc.rIi;ioBaaii-ubi 
TUKOMy  iipiiMlipy,— II  Bb  peayabTarli  iio-iyMnjica-obi  BccMipHbirt  a^biK'b.  IIojio- 
;iciiM'b,  HTO  coupaacH  KOnrpecb  cocxoHmii'i  nai)  Bbij,aiomnxcfl  iiabiKOB'tjOB-b,  npe^- 
CTaBHiejieft  caliAyromnx'b  AecaiH  aauKOB-b:  anrjiiflcKaro,  (|)paHi;y3CKaro,  HcnaH- 
cicaro,  nopTyrajibCKaro,  iixajibflHCKaro,  Ht)Mei;Karo,  ro.i.iauACKaro,  ;iaxcKO- 
HopBe;KCKaro,  mBe;icKaro  h  pyccKaro.  CoGpanie  yxo,  npe;icxaBajiH  coGoio  Bcb 
na;Kirbi"iiiiie  mno-rcpMaiicKie  aabiKU,  CM'bJio  Morao-Gbi  AtftcxBOBaxb  :iix  bckj 
iiHAO-repMaHCKyw  rpyiiiiy  bi.  cocxaBaeHin  oGinaro  a.^biKa  A■^H  axoil  rpynnbi 
Paaij  KOHrpeci.  coGpa.ica,  nepBUMt  maroM-b  btj  ^opMiipoBaHiu  HOBaro  asbiKa 
Gujio-dbi  ycxaHOBJienie  nepBooGpaanbixTj,  KopenHbix'b  cjiOB-b,  m-h  Koxopuxt  mo;k- 
HO  6w.io-6u  noayHHXb  npon3Bo;iHbia.  FA'fe  HaM-b  HCKaxb  xaKin  cjiOBa?  Tj^-h — 
ec.iH  He  btj  HSbiKaxTi  x'lix-b  ;i,ecaxn  HapoAOB-b,  npeAcxaBnxe.m  Koxopbix'b  sacfe- 
AaioxT)  btj  axoMTj  KOHrpecli?  JXon-Atnan  ciipaBeA^xHBOcxb  kt^  iixtj  ii.iGiipaxeaHM'b 
HoGyAnaa-Gbi  sxiixT}  npeAcxaBiixe-iei"!  cocxaBiixb  aauK'b,  Koxopbifi  He  obLTb-Gu 
HyH{,Ti>  nxi.  poAHbix-b  cjioB-b  B-b  oomeM-b  ynoxpeGaeniH  y  Ka^K^aro  usi,  axnxT. 
HapoAOB-b.  JX^a  Hanajia  ecxb  rpoMaAHoe  KOJiHHecxBO  cjiobtj,  hsT)  Koxopux-b 
KaHCAoe  nM-feexTj  He  xo.xbKO  oaimaKOBoe  SHa^enie,  ho  xaKjKe  hohxh  OAnnaKOBbifi 
SByKT)  btj  KaacAOMij  Hail  sxhxtj  AecHxn  nsuKOB-h,  u  3xh-xo  cjiOBa,  o^eBHAHO,  n 
cyxb  nepBbift  ncxoHHUKij,  K-b  KoxopoMy  oopaxiixbca  3a  nepBOOopasHbiMn,  KopoH- 
HbiMii  caoBaMii.  BoJi'fee  AByx-b  xbican-b  xaKiixii  cjiobt,— B-b  oGii^eMTj  ynoxpeGjienhi 
n  KaacAoe  hstj  nnxii  eaunoaByHHO  bo  Bcfex'b  ^ecaxn  aauKax-b.  Kor^a  axoxi) 
ncxoHHHK'b  OKomaxeJibHO  ncnepnan'b,  xorjia  cJi'bAyioiHinM'b  n  Go.ibuiHM'b  aana- 
coM-b  Gy^yx-b  fh  cJiOBa,  Koxopua  xaKHM-b-Hce  oGpaaoM-b  npocjitAnMbi  nepea-b  ^e- 
Baxb  nai)  ^ecaxn  aabiKOB-b;  noxoM'b  xt,  KOxopua  npoftAyxij  Hepeai)  BoceMb,  ceMb 
H  T.  A-  Paaij  ycBoiiB-b  xanyio  Mexo^y,  OKa;Kexca,  hxo  aa^oaro  eme  ao  flocxn- 
yKGHia  Kpannaro  npcTfe-ia,  x.  e.  nocalj,iHaro,  eainiaro  aauKa,  aanacb  KopeHHbixi> 
ciobtj  GyAex-b  GyKBaabHO  HencHepnaeMTj,  xaK^b  KaK-b  KaacAbift  nocTfeayiomift  cnu- 
coKT}  cjiobij  AoGbixbix'b  xaKUMT.  oGpaaoMi.  Gy^ex-b  Gojibme  npeAi-nAymaro.  Ciex-b 
xaKHXT)  cJioB'b,  Koxopbia  MOHCHO  HaflxH  bT)  GojibmnHcxBt  naij  axoxi)  Aecaxn  aau- 
KOBT),  JierKO  AOcxHrHexT)  AacaxKOBij  xmchhtj.  H'fecKoabKO  Gojite  orpanuHeHHoe 
npaMtiieiiie  npimmma  accoi^iaijin  iiAeft  cocxonxT)  bi>  ynoxpeGjienin  CAnHoaBy- 
Hamux-b  ({)paa'i>,  icaK-b  axo  oujio  CA'bJiaHO  naMH  btj  „EduHo.jet/'iHUX'6  paazoeopaxo" , 
Bx.  Hexbipex-b  aabiKaxij. 

IIpo(|ieccop'b  Illaeriep'b  btj  CBoeM-b  Bo-xamoK-fe  Baa.ica  nocxponxb  HOBUft 
flSHK'b.  Xoxa  ero  cncxeMa  ii  npioGpfejia  HfiKoxopyw  nonyjiapnocxb,  G.iaroAapa 
xoMy,  Hxo  HyHCAa  A'6i^cxBHxe.:ibuo  HyBcxBOBaaacb  xorAa  Bb  hcmtj  HiiGyAb  noAOo- 
homtj, — xliM-b  He  MGH'fie,  Hepea-b  ntcKoabKO  .Tfex'b,  nonbixica  axa  OKaaa.iacb  aaMt- 

39 


HaxeabHoft  HeyAanefl.  npo^eccopt  IIIjieftepT>  cA^jiaji-b  dojibmyio  omnSKy  cb  ca- 
Maro  Hanajia  yjKe  Thwh  OAHiiMt,  hto  nonuxajica  nocxpoHTb  hoguu  hauki.:  He 
no  cnnaM-b  TaKoft  KOJioccajibHufi  Tpy/^-b  oAHOMy  nejioBtKy.  Ho  Beaiiiaftmeio 
ero  BHHOio  6ujio  HenpHsnaBaHie  Toro  npnHi;nna,  hto  ero  nepBOoSpasHUH,  ko- 
peHHbiH  cjiOBa  ;iojia{Hbi  Cbixb  oomn  ^pyrnM-b  asbiKaM-b.  BosbMeM'b,  HanpHMtp'b, 
cjiOBO  "thread"  (HnxKa).  Box-b  KaK-b  oho  SBynnx-b  B-b  iiaGpaHHbix'b  Haiwu  ^leca- 
XH  ii3biKaxi>:  no  anrjiiftcKn  "thread",  no  AaxcKO-HopBeKCKn  ,,traad",  no  uiBea- 
CKH  "trad",  no  rojiJiaHACKH  "draad",  no  ^pannyscKH  "fil",  no  nxa.xbHHCKn 
"filo",  no  HcnancKH  "hilo",  no  nopxyrajibCKH  "fio",  no  H-feMei^Kn  "Faden",  no 
pyccKH  „HHXKa".  B-b  AaHHOMT.  cjiynat  mm  HM'feeM'b  oaho  cjiobo  "thread"  ex. 
noHxn  OAHHaKOBUM'b  SByKOMTj  BT)  Hexbipex-b  HSbiKax'b  n  jpyroe — coBepmeHHO 
HecxoAHoe,  no  xaKHce  noHxn  oAnnaKOBO  sBynan^ee  btj  /tpyrnx-b  nexbipex-b  a.Jbi- 
Kax'b — ,,fir';  HO,  He  CMOxpa  na  axo,  npo^eccopi)  Ulaei'iep'b,  coBopmeHHo  iiruopn- 
pya  axn  BoceMb  asbiKOB-b  h  9xh  BOceMb  napoAHOcxen,  BbiGnpaex-b  CBoe  Kopen- 
uoe  c:ioBO  nai.  oAHoro  xoabKO,  B-b  SByKOBOMT.  oxHomeniu  ox;i'fe.ibHO  cxoamaro 
fl3biKa,  saHMCXBya  ;iayi  CBoero  BoJianioKa  hstj  H'feMei^Karo  ,,Faden"  SByK-b  ,,fad" 
KaKij  KopeHHoe  cjiobo   osHanaion^ee  nnxKy.    ^aa  xoro,  Hxoobi  HMliXb   cjiobo    no 

B03M0}KH0CXH   CaMOB   KOpOXKOe    n   KOXOpOe    3ByHaJIO-6bI     OAHHaKOBO     BT)     B03M0iKH0 

SojibiueM'b  HHCJit  a3biK0B'b,  KopeHHoe  CJIOBO  BT)  axoMTj  cjiyna-fe  4oji;kho  SbiJio 
Ouxb  „fir',  H3'b  $paHi;y3CKaro  ..fil",  JiaxHHCKaro  ,,filum".  H3'b  9xoro  cjiOBa 
KaKTj  Kopna,  mm  nMlieiviTj  mhofo  npoH3BOjHbix'b  cjiobtj  Bb  aHrJiincKOM-b  a3biKl); 
xaKTi:  Filament,  filaceous,  filar,  file,  filiform,  filiferous,  fillet,  ii  x.  Ji.  JJpyrie  xpii 
H3MKa,  Koxopbie  cxo;iaxcH  cb    aHraii'icKHM'b  Ha  cjiOB'b  "thread",  xaKMce   HMtioxi) 

HtCKOJIbKO   HS-b   BbimenpHBeAeHHMX'b   npOH3BOAHHX'b   CJIOB-b   ox-b    ..fil",    XaKT)     HXO 

axo  CJIOBO  6biJio-6bi  Sojite  hjih  Menbe  snaKOMO  KaiK^OMv  w.^'h  sxiixtj  Hexbipext  na- 
poAOBi)  (aHr.TiificKiH,  ;iaxcKO-HopBe;KCKiii,  uiBBACKiil,  n  roaaaHACKifl),  xor^a  KaicT. 
oho  6biJio-6bi  BT)  xo  ace  speivia  ono.inih  3HaK0M0  ApyruMi.  MexMpeM-b — ^pani^yacKOMy, 
HxaabancKOMy,  ncnaHCKOMy  u  nopryraabCKOMy.  Xoxa  ,,fad",  KaK-b  cxobo  03- 
Hanaioinee  nnxKy,  Morjio-uu,  no^KaJiyn,  oMXb  y3HaHHbiM'b  HliMLteMij,  oho  coaep- 
meHHO  HyjKAO  AnrjimaHnHy  ujiu  AMepHKaHqy,  (ppaHuyay,  Ilcnanuy,  Ilopxy- 
rajibuy,  Ilxajibanny,  Fo.xjiaH/my,  JaxnannHy  ujiu  HopBeHcuy,  IIlBe;iy  ujui 
PyccKOMy. 

BcoMipHOMy  a3biKy  Bpa^Ti-Jin  npuAexca  ^K^axb  BceMlpuoil  ooinniibi.  Ho 
MEJio  ya;e  c^luiano  ai«  oo-beAHHenia  pacbi  a  ^o  Hamnx-b  Aneft,  n  mm  MOJKeMTj 
OKHAaxb  HO  Ge3Tj  yB'bpeHuocxu,  hxo  ne  mhofo  y;Ke  AecaxH.Thxifi  noxpeCyexca  na 
xo,  HxouM  BCBMipHbift  a3MK'b  iiab  ooxacxH  yxonift  ii  rpe3'b  nepeme.Tb  Bb  npe- 
KpacnyK)  A'^flcTBiixejibHOcxb. 

4U 


HOMOPHONIC  VOCABULARY 


Note. — a.  stands  for  adjective  ;  n.  for  noun.  Other  abbre- 
viations will  be  easily  understood  ;  as  mil.  for  mili- 
tary, mus.  for  musical,  etc.  Spl.  meanstbat  the  word 
has  a  special  meaning  in  that  language,  though  usually 
it  is  cognate  to  the  general  signification. 


HOMOPHONIC 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Abbess 

abbesse 

abadesa 

abbadessa 

badessa 

Abbey 

abbaye 

abadia 

abbadia 

abbadia 

Abbot 

abbe 

abad 

abbade 

abate 

Acacia 

acacia 

acacia 

acacia 

acacia 

Academic 

academique 

academico 

academico 

accademico 

Academy 

academic 

academia 

academia 

accademia 

Accent 

accent 

acento 

accento 

accento 

Acceptance 

acceptation 

aceptacion 

aceitagao 

accettazione 

Accord 

accord 

acuerdo 

acordo 

accordo 

Achromatic 

achromatique 

acromatico 

achromdtico 

acromatico 

Aconite 

aeon  it 

aconito 

aconito 

aconito 

Act 

acte 

acto 

acto 

atto 

Action 

action 

accion 

ac^ao 

azione 

Active 

actif 

activo 

activo 

attivo 

Address 

adresse 

destreza.spl. 

endere^o 

indirizzo 

Adjutant.mil 

.  adjudant 

ayudante 

ajudante 

ajutante 

Administration 

administration 

administracion 

administragac 

)  amministrazione 

Administrative 

administratif 

administrativo 

administrativo 

amministrativo  . 

Admiral 

amiral 

almirante 

almirante 

ammiraglio 

Admiralty 

amiraute 

almirantazgo 

almirantado 

ammiragliato 

Advocate 

avocat 

abogado 

advogado 

avvocato 

Agate 

agate 

agata 

agata 

agata 

Agency 

agence 

agencia 

agencia 

agenzia 

Agent 

agent 

agente 

agente 

agente 

Air,  mus. 

air 

aire 

aria 

aria 

Alabaster 

albatre 

alabastro 

alabastro 

alabastro 

Albino 

albinos 

albino 

albino 

albino 

Alchemist 

alchimiste 

alquimista 

alchimista 

alchimista 

Alchemy 

alchimie 

alquimia 

alchimia 

alchimia 

Alcohol 

alcool 

alcohol 

alcohol 

alcool 

42 


VOCABULARY. 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweglan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Abtissin 

abdis 

Abbedisse 

abbedissa 

abbatissa 

Abtei 

abdij 

Abbedi 

abbotstift 

abbatstvo 

Abt 

abt 

Abbed 

abbot 

abbat 

Acazie 

acacia 

Akacie 

akacia 

akatzia 

akademisch 

akademisch 

akademisk 

akademisk 

akademitcheski 

Akademie 

akademie 

Akademi 

akademi 

akademia 

Accent 

accent 

Akcent 

accent 

aktzent 

Acceptirung 
Accord 

acceptatie 
akkoord 

Akcept 
Akkord 

accept 
ackord 

aktzeptatzia 
akord 

achromatisch  akromatisch 

akromatisk 

akromatisk 

akhromatitcheski 

Akonit 

akonijt 

Akonitum 

akonit 

akonit 

Akte 

Akte 

Akt 

akt 

akt 

Aktion 

aktie,  spl. 

Aktion 

aktion 

aktzia 

aktiv 

actief 

aktiv 

aktiv 

aktivnyi 

Adresse 

adres 

Adresse 

adress 

adres 

Adjutant 

Administration 

adjudant 
administratie 

Adjutant 
Administration 

adjutant 

administration 

adyutant 
administratzia 

administrativ  administratief  administrativ 

administrativ 

administrativnyi 

Admiral 

admiraal 

Admiral 

amiral 

admiral 

Admiralitat 

admiraliteit 

Admiralitet 

amiralitet 

admiralteistvo 

Advokat 

advokaat 

Advokat 

advokat 

advokat 

Agat 
Agentur 
Agent 
Arie 

agaat 
agentuur 
agent 
aria 

Agat 
Agentur 
Agent 
Arie 

agat 
agentur 
agent 
aria 

agat 

agentstvo 
agent 
aria 

Alabaster 

albast 

Alabast 

alabaster 

alebastr 

Albino 

albino 

Albino 

albino 

al'binos 

Alchymist 

Alchymie 

Alkohol 

alchymist 

alchymie 

alcohol 

Alkymist 

Alkymi 

Alkohol 

alkemist 

alkemi 

alkohol 

alkhimik 
alkhimia 
alkogol' 

43 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Alcoran 

alcoran 

Alcoran 

Alcorao 

Alcorano 

Alcove 

alcove 

alcoba 

alcova 

alcova 

Algebra 

algebre 

algebra 

algebra 

algebra 

Algebraic 

algebrique 

algebraico 

algebrico 

algebraico 

Alkali 

alcali 

alcali 

alcali 

alcali 

Allegorical 

allegorique 

alegorico 

allegorico 

allegorico 

Allegory 

allegoric 

alegoria 

allegoria 

allegoria 

Allegro 

allegro 

alegro 

alegro 

allegro 

Almanac 

almanach 

almanaque 

almanach 

almanacco 

Alphabet 

alphabet 

alfabeto 

alfabeto 

alfabeto 

Alphabetic 

alphabetique 

alfabetico 

alfabetico 

alfabetico 

Alpine 

alpin 

alpino 

alpino 

alpino 

Alps 

Alpes 

Alpes 

Alpes 

Alpi 

Altar 

autel 

altar 

altar 

altare 

Amalgam 

amalgame 

amalgama 

amalgama 

amalgama 

Amaranth 

amarante 

amaranto 

amaranto 

amaranto 

Amazon 

amazone 

amazona 

amazona 

amazzone 

Ambrosia 

ambroisie 

ambrosia 

ambrosia 

ambrosia 

Amen 

amen 

amen 

amen 

amen 

American,  n, 

,  Americain 

Americano 

Americano 

Americano 

American,  a. 

americain 

americano 

americano 

americano 

Amethyst 

Amethyste 

amatista 

amethysta 

amatista 

Ammonia 

ammoniaque 

amoniaco 

ammonia 

ammoniaca 

Amnesty 

amnistie 

amnistia 

amnistia 

amnistia 

Amphibian  r 

i.amphibie 

anfibio 

amphibio 

anfibio 

Amulet 

amulette 

amuleto 

amuleto 

amuleto 

Anachronism  anachronisme 

ahacronismo 

anachronismo 

anacronismo 

Anacreontic 

anacreontique 

;  anacreontico 

anacreontico 

anacreontico 

Anagram 

anagramme 

anagrama 

anagramma 

anagramma 

Analogous 

analogue 

analogo 

analogo 

analogo 

Analogy 

analogic 

analogia 

analogia 

analogia 

Analysis 

analyse 

andlisis 

analysis 

analisi 

Analytic 

analytique 

analitico 

analytico 

analitico 

Analyze 

analyser 

aualizar 

analysdr 

analizzare 

Anarchist 

anarchiste 

anarquista 

anarchista 

anarchico 

Anarchistic 

anarchique 

anarquico 

anarchico 

anarchico 

Anarchy 

anarchic 

anarquia 

anarchia 

anarchia 

Anatomical 

anatomique 

anatomico 

anatomico 

anatomico 

Anatomist 

anatomiste 

anatomista 

anatomista 

anatomista 

44 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwecian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Koran 

koran 

Koran 

koran 

alkoran 

Alkoven 

alkoof 

Alkove 

alkov 

al'kov 

Algebra 

algebra 

Algebra 

algebra 

algebra 

algebraisch 

algebraisch 

algebraisk 

algebraisk 

algebraitcheski 

Alkali 

kali 

Alkali 

alkali 

alkali 

allegorisch 

allegorisch 

allegorisk 

allegorisk 

allegoritcheski 

Allegoric 

allegoric 

Allegori 

allegori 

allegoria 

Allegro 

allegretto 

Allegro 

allegro 

allegro 

Almanach 

almanak 

Almanak 

almanack 

al'manakh 

Alphabet 

alphabet 

Alfabet 

alfabet 

alfavit 

alphabetisch 

alphabetisch 

alfabetisk 

alfabetisk 

alfavitnyi 

alpisch 

alpisch 

alpinsk 

alpisk 

al'piski 

Alpen 

Alpen 

Alperne 

Alperna 

Al'py 

Altar 

altaar 

Alter 

altare 

altar' 

Amalgam 

amalgam 

Amalgam 

amalgam 

amal'gama 

Amarant 

amarant 

Amarant 

amarant 

amarant 

Amazone 

amazone 

Amasone 

amazon 

amazonka 

Ambrosia 

ambrozijn 

Ambrosia 

ambrosia 

ambrozia 

amen 

amen 

amen 

amen 

amin' 

Araerikaner 

Amerikaan 

Amerikaner 

Amerikan 

Amerikanietz 

amerikanisch  amerikaansch 

amerikansk 

amerikansk 

amerikanski 

Amethyst 

amethist 

Ametyst 

ametist 

ametist 

Ammonium 

ammoniak 

Ammoniak 

ammoniak 

amiak 

Amnestie 

amnestie 

Amnesti 

amnesti 

amnistia 

Amphibie 

amphibie 

Amfibium 

amfibie 

amfibia 

Amulett 

amulet 

Amulet 

amulet 

amulet 

Anachronismus 

anachronismus 

Anakronisme 

anakronism 

anakhronizm 

anakreontisch 

anakreontisch  anakreontisk 

anakreontisk 

anakreontitcheski 

Anagramm 

anagram 

Anagram 

anagram 

anagramnia 

analogisch 

analogisch 

analog 

analog 

analogitcheski 

Analogic 

analogic 

Analogi 

analogi 

analogia 

Analyse 

analyse 

Analyse 

analys 

analiz 

analytisch 

analytisch 

analytisk 

analytisk 

analititcheski 

analysircn 

analyseeren 

anal  y  sere 

analysera 

analizirovat' 

Anarchist 

anarchist 

Anarkist 

anarkist 

anarkhist 

auarchistisch  anarchistisch 

anarkisk 

anarkistisk 

anarkhitcheski 

Anarchic 

anarchic 

Anarki 

anarki 

anarkhia 

anatomisch 

anatomisch 

anatomisk 

anatomisk 

anatomitcheski 

Anatomiker 

anatomist 

Anatom 

anatom 

anatom 

45 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Anatomy 

anatomic 

anatomia 

anatomia 

anatomia 

Anchor 

ancre 

ancla 

ancora 

ancora 

Anecdote 

anecdote 

anecdota 

anecdota 

aneddoto 

Anemia 

anemic 

anemia 

anemia 

anemia 

Angel 

ange 

angel 

anjo 

angelo 

Anglican 

anglican 

anglicano 

anglicano 

anglicano 

Anise 

anis 

anis 

anis 

anice 

Anomalous 

anomal 

anomalo 

anomalo 

anomalo 

Anomaly 

anomalie 

anomalia 

anomalia 

anomalia 

Anonymous 

anonyme 

anonimo 

anonimo 

anonimo 

Antagonist 

antagoniste 

antagonista 

antagonista 

antagonista 

Antarctic 

antarctique 

antartico 

antarctico 

antartico 

Anthology 

anthologie 

antologia 

anthologia 

antologia 

Anthropology 

anthropologie 

antropologia 

anthropologia 

I  antropologia 

Antichrist 

antechrist 

antecristo 

antichristo 

anticristo 

Antimony 

antimoine 

antimonio 

antimonio 

antimonio 

Antipathy 

antipathic 

antipatia 

antipathia 

antipatia 

Antiquarian,  n. 

antiquaire 

anticuario 

antiquario 

antiquario 

Antique 

antique 

antique 

antigo 

antico 

Antithesis 

antithese 

antitesis 

antithesis 

antitesi 

Antithetical 

antithetique 

antitetico 

antithetico 

antitetico 

Aphorism 

aphorisme 

aforismo 

aphorismo 

aforismo 

Apocalypse 

apocalypse 

apocalipsi 

apocalypse 

apocalisse 

Apocryphal 

apocryphe 

apocrifo 

apocrypho 

apocrifo 

Apologetic 

apologetique 

apologetico 

apologetico 

apologetico 

Apology 

apologie 

apologia 

apologia 

apologia 

Apostle 

ap&tre 

apostol 

apostolo 

apostolo 

Apostolic 

apostolique 

apostolico 

apostolico 

apostolico 

Apostrophe 

apostrophe 

apostrofo 

apostrophe 

apostrofo 

Apotheosis 

apotheose 

apoteosis 

apotheose 

apoteosi 

Apparatus 

appareil 

aparato 

apparato 

apparato 

Appeal, V. 

appeler 

apelar 

appellar 

appellare 

Appellant,  n 

1.  appelant 

apelante 

appellante 

appellante 

Appetite 

appetit 

apetito 

appetite 

appetito 

Appetizing 

appetissant 

apetitoso 

appetitivo 

appetitoso 

Apricot 

abricot 

albaricoque 

albric6que 

albicocca 

April 

avril 

Abril 

Abril 

Aprile 

Arabic 

arabique 

ardbigo 

ardbico 

arabico 

Arcade 

arcade 

arcada 

arcada 

areata 

46 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

-  J 
Russian 

Anatomie 

anatomie 

Anatomi 

anatomi 

anatomia 

Anker 

anker 

Anker 

ankar 

yakor' 

Anekdote 

anekdote 

Anekdote 

anekdot 

anekdot 

Anamie 

anemie 

Anaemi 

anemi 

anemia 

Engel 

engel 

Engel 

engel 

angel 

anglikaniscl: 

I  anglikaansch 

anglikansk 

anglikansk 

anglikansk! 

An  is 

anijs 

Anis 

anis 

anis 

anomalisch 

anomalijk 

anomal 

anomal 

anomalJstitchetiki 

Anomalie 

anomalie 

Anomali 

anomali 

anoraalia 

anonymisch 

anonymus 

anonym 

anonym 

anonimnyi 

Antagonist 

antagonist 

Antagonist 

antagonist 

antagonist 

antarktisch 

antarctisch 

antarktisk 

antarktisk 

antarktitcheski 

Anthologie 

anthologie 

Antologi 

antologi 

antologia 

Anthropologic 

anthropologic 

:  Antropologi 

antropologi 

antropologia 

Antichrist 

antichrist 

Antikrist 

antikrist 

antikhrist 

Antimonium  antimonium 

Antimonium 

antimon 

antimonia 

Antipathic 

antipathic 

Antipati 

antipati 

antipatia 

Antiquar 

antiquarius 

Antikvar 

antiqvarisk,a 

.  antikvari 

antik 

antick 

antik 

antik 

antitchnyi 

Antithese 

antithesis 

Antitese 

antites 

antiteza 

antithetisch 

antithetisch 

antitetisk 

antitetisk 

antiteznyi 

Aphorismiis 

aphorisme 

Aforisme 

aforism 

aforizm 

Apokalypse 

apocalypsus 

Apokalypse 

apokalyps 

apokalipsis 

apokryphisch  apocrief 

apokryfisk 

apokryfisk 

apokrifitcheski 

apologetisch  apologetisch 

apologetisk 

apologetisk 

apologitcheski 

Apologia 

apologie 

Apologi 

apologi 

apologia 

Apostel 

apostel 

Apostel 

apostel 

apostol 

apostolisch 

apostolisch 

apostolisk 

apostolisk 

apostol'ski 

Apostrophe 

apostrophe 

Apostrof 

apostrof 

apostrof 

Apotheose 

apotheose 

Apoteose 

apoteos 

apofeoz 

Apparat 

apparaat 

Apparat 

apparat 

apparat 

appelliren 

appcllccrcn 

appellere 

appellera 

appelirovat' 

Appellant 

appellant 

Appellant 

appellant 

appelyant 

Appetit 

appetijt 

Appetit 

appetit 

appetit 

appetitlich 

appetijtelijk 

appetitlig 

appetitlig 

appetitnyi 

Aprikose 

abrikoos 

Aprikos 

aprikos 

abrikos 

April 

April 

April 

april 

Apryel' 

arabisch 

arabisch 

arabisk 

arabisk 

arabski 

Arkade 

arcade 

Arkade 

arkad 

arkada 

47 


English 


French 


Spanish  Portuguese 


Italian 


Archaeology  archeologie 

Archangel  archange 

Archbishop  archeveque 

Archipelago  archipel 

Architect  architecte 

Architecture  architecture 

Archive  archives 

Arctic  arctique 

Argument  argument 


Aristocracy 
Aristocrat 
Aristocratic 
Arithmetic 


aristocratic 
aristocrate 
aristocratique 
arithraetique 


Arithmetical  arithmetique 

Arithmetician  arithmeticien 

Aroma  arome 

Aromatic  aromatique 

Arrest,  v.  arreter 

Arsenal  arsenal 

Arsenic  arsenic 

Artichoke  artichaut 

Article  article 

Artillerist  artilleur 

Artillery  artillerie 

Asbestos  asbeste 

Ascetic,  n.  ascetique 

Asceticism  asceticisme 

Asparagus  asperges 

Asphalt  asphalte 

Assistant  assistant 

Astrologer  astrologue 

Astrological  astrologique 

Astrology  astrologie 

Astronomer  astronome 
Astronomical  astronomique 

Astronomy  astronomic 

Atheism  atheisme 

Atheist  athee 

Atheistic  atheistique 


arqueologia 

arcangel 

arzobispo 

archipielago 

arquitecto 

arquitectura 

archivo 

artico 

argumento 

aristocracia 

aristocrata 

aristocratico 

aritmetica 

aritmetico 

aritmetico 

aroma 

aromatico 

arrestar 

arsenal 

arsenico 

alcachofa 

articulo 

artillero 

artilleria 

asbesto 

asceta 

asceticisme 

esparrago 

asfalto 

asistente 

astrologo 

astrologico 

astrologia 

astronomo 

astronomico 

astronomia 

ateismo 

ateista 

ateistico 


archeologia 

archanjo 

arcebispo 

archipelago 

architecto 

architectura 

archivo 

arctico 

argumento 

aristocracia 

aristocrata 

aristocratico 

arithmetica 

arithmetico 

arithmetico 

aroma 

aromatico 

arrestar 

arsenal 

arsenico 

alcachofra 

artigo 

artilheiro 

artilheria 

asbesto 

asceta 

asceticismo 

asparago 

asphalto 

assistente 

astrologo 

astrologico 

astrologia 

astronomo 

astronomico 

astronomia 

atheismo 

atheista 

atheistico 


archeologia 

arcangelo 

arcivescovo 

arcipelago 

architetto 

architettura 

archivio 

artic 

argomento 

aristocrazia 

aristocratico 

aristocratico 

aritmetica 

aritmetico 

aritmetico 

aroma 

aromatico 

arrestare 

arsenale 

arsenico 

carciofo 

articolo 

artigliere 

artiglieria 

asbesto 

ascetico 

asceticismo 

asparago 

asfalto 

assistente 

astrologo 

astrologico 

astrologia 

astronomo 

astronomico 

astronomia 

ateismo 

ateista 

ateistico 


48 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 

Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Archaologie 

archeologie 

Arkaeologi 

arkeologi 

arkheologia 

Erzengel 

aartsengel 

Erkeengel 

erkeengel 

arkhangel 

Erzbischof 

aartsbischop 

Erkebiskop 

erkebiskop 

arkhiepiskop 

Archipelagui 

s  archipel 

Arkipel 

arkipelag 

arkhipelag 

Architekt 

architect 

Arkitekt 

arkitekt 

arkhitektor 

Architektur 

architectuur 

Arkitektur 

arkitektur 

arkhitektura 

Archiv 

archief 

Arkiv 

arkiv 

arkhiv 

arktisch 

arctisch 

arktisk 

arktisk 

arktitcheski 

Argument 

argument 

Argument 

argument 

argument 

Aristokratie 

aristokratie 

Aristokrati 

aristokrati 

aristokratia 

Aristokrat 

aristokraat 

Aristokrat 

aristokrat 

aristokrat 

aristokratisch  aristocratiscli 

aristokratisk 

aristokratisk 

aristokratitcheski 

Arithmetik 

arithmetica 

Aritmetik 

aritmetik 

arifmetika 

arithmetisch 

arithmetisch 

aritmetisk 

aritmetisk 

arifmetitcheski 

Arithmetiker  arithmetikus 

Aritmetiker 

aritmetiker 

arifmetik 

Aroma 

aroma 

Aroma 

arom 

arom  at 

aromatisch 

aromatisch 

aromatisk 

aromatisk 

aromatitcheski 

arretiren 

arresteeren 

arrestere 

arrestera 

aiestovat' 

Arsenal 

arsenaal 

Arsenal 

arsenal 

arsenal 

Arsenik 

arsenicum 

Arsenik 

arsenik 

arsenik 

Artischocke 

artisjok 

Artiskok 

artskocka 

artishok 

Artikel 

artikel 

Artikel 

artikel 

artikul,  spl. 

Artillerist 

artillerist 

Artillerist 

artillerist 

artillerist 

Artillerie 

artillerie 

Artilleri 

artilleri 

artilleria 

Asbest 

asbest 

Asbest 

asbest 

asbest 

Ascetiker 

asceet 

Asket 

asket 

asket 

Asceticismus 

>  asceticismus 

Askese 

askes 

asketizm 

Spargel 

aspersie 

Asparges 

sparris 

sparzha 

Asphalt 

asphalt 

Asfalt 

asfalt 

asfal't 

Assi  stent 

assistent 

Assistent 

assistent 

assistent 

Astrolog 

astroloog 

Astrolog 

astrolog 

astrolog 

astrologisch 

astrologisch 

astrologisk 

astrologisk 

astrologitcheski 

Astrologie 

astrologie 

Astrologi 

astrologi 

astrologia 

Astronom 

astronoom 

Astronom 

astronom 

astronom 

astronomisch  astronomisch 

astronomisk 

astronomisk 

astronomitcheski 

Astronomie 

astronomie 

Astronomi 

astronomi 

astronomia 

Atheismus 

atheisterij 

Ateisme 

ateism 

ateizm 

Atheist 

atheist 

Ateist 

ateist 

ateist 

atheistisch 

atheistisch 

ateistisk 

ateistisk 

ateistitcheski 

49 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Athlete 

athlete 

atleta 

athleta 

atleta 

Athletic 

athletique 

atletico 

athletico 

atletico 

Atlas 

atlas 

atlas 

atlas 

atlante 

Atmosphere 

atmosphere 

atmosfera 

atmosphera 

atmosfera 

Atmospheric 

:  atmospheriqueatmosferico 

atmospheric© 

atmosferic© 

Atom 

atome 

atomo 

atomo 

at©mo 

Atomic 

atomique 

atomico 

atomico 

at©mic© 

Attestation 

attestation 

atestacion 

attestagao 

attestazione 

Attic 

attique 

atico 

attico 

attic© 

Attribute 

attribut 

atributo 

attributo 

attributo 

August 

Aout 

Agosto 

Agosto 

Ag©sto 

Aurora 

aurore 

aurora 

aurora 

aurora 

Author 

auteur 

autor 

autor 

autore 

Authority- 

autorite 

autoridad 

autoridade 

aut©rita 

Autograph 

autographe 

aulografo 

autograph© 

autografo 

Automatic 

automatique 

automatic© 

automatic© 

automatico 

Automaton 

automate 

automato 

automato 

aut©mato 

Axiom 

axiome 

axioma 

axioma 

assi©ma 

B 

Bachelor 

bachelier 

bachiller 

bacharel 

baccelliere 

Baggage 

bagage 

bagaje 

bagagem 

bagagli© 

Balcony- 

balcon 

balcon 

balgao 

balcone 

Ball,  dance 

bal 

baile 

baile 

ball© 

Ballad 

ballade 

balada 

balata 

ballata 

Ballet 

ballet 

bailete 

baile 

balletto 

Balloon 

ballon 

balon 

ballao 

pallone 

Balsam 

baume 

balsamo 

balsamo 

balsam© 

Balustrade 

balustrade 

balaustrada 

balaustrada 

balaustrata 

Bamboo 

bambou 

bambu 

bambu 

bambu 

Bandage 

bandage 

venda 

banda 

benda 

Bandit 

bandit 

bandido 

bandido 

bandito 

Bank,  mon. 

banque 

banco 

banco 

banc© 

Bankruptcy 

banqueroute 

bancarota 

bancarrota 

bancarr©tta 

Barbarity 

barbaric 

barbaridad 

barbaria 

barbarie 

Barbarous 

barbare 

barbaro 

barbaro 

barbar© 

Barometer 

barometre 

barometro 

barometr© 

bar©metr© 

Baron 

baron 

baron 

barao 

bar©ne 

Baronet 

baronnet 

baronete 

baronete 

bar©netto 

Barony 

baronnie 

baronia 

baronia 

baronia 

50 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Barrack 

baraque 

barraca 

barraca 

baraccoiie 

Barricade 

barricade 

barricada 

barricada 

barricata 

Barytone 

baryton 

baritono 

barytono 

baritono 

Basalt 

basalte 

basalto 

basalto 

basalte 

Basis 

base 

basa 

base 

base 

Bass,  mus. 

bas 

bajo 

baixo 

basso 

Bastion 

bastion 

bastion 

bastiao 

bastione 

Bath 

bain 

bano 

banho 

bagno 

Battalion 

bataillon 

batallon 

batalhao 

battaglione 

Battery 

batterie 

bateria 

bateria 

batteria 

Bazaar 

bazar 

bazar 

bazar 

bazar 

Beefsteak 

bifteck 

biftec 

bife 

bistecca 

Bible 

bible 

biblia 

biblia 

bibbia 

Biblical 

biblique 

biblico 

biblico 

biblico 

Bibliography  bibliographie 

bibliografia 

bibliographia 

bibliografia 

Billet 

billet 

billete 

bilhete 

biglietto 

Billiards 

billard 

billar 

bilhar 

bigliardo 

Billion 

billion 

billon 

bilhao 

bilione 

Biographer 

biographe 

biografo 

biographo 

biografo 

Biographical 

[  biographique 

biografico 

biographic© 

biografico 

Biography 

biographie 

biografia 

biographia 

biografia 

Biscuit 

biscuit 

bizcocho 

biscouto 

biscotto 

Bivouac 

bivouac 

vivac 

bivac 

bivacco 

Block 

bloc 

boliche 

bloco 

blocco 

Note. — it  is  not  claimed  that  this  is  a  complete  vocabulary  of  all  the  words 
homophonic  in  the  ten  languages.  On  the  contrary,  by  including  all  the  scientific 
terms  which,  being  derived  from  the  Latin  and  Greek,  are  adopted  without  change 
into  the  modern  languages,  and  by  adding  the  derivatives  regularly  formed  from  the 
entire  list  thus  augmented,  the  number  could  easily  be  doubled.  The  object  has 
been,  not  to  show  how  many  words  of  this  character  there  are,  but  to  show  that 
there  is  a  very  large  number. 


50a 


German 


Dutch 


Danish- 
Norwegian 


Swedish 


Russian 


Baracke 

barak 

Barakke 

barack 

barak 

Barrikade 

barricade 

Barrikade 

barrikad 

barrikada 

Bariton 

bariton 

Bariton 

bariton 

bariton 

Basalt 

basalt 

Basalt 

basalt 

basal' t 

Basis 

basis 

Basis 

basis 

bazis 

Bass 

bas 

Bas 

bas 

bas 

Bastei 

bastion 

Bastion 

bastion 

bastion 

Bad 

bad 

Bad 

bad 

banya 

Bataillon 

bataljon 

Bataljon 

bataljon 

batal'on 

Batterie 

batterij 

Batteri 

batteri 

batareya 

Bazar 

bazar 

Basar 

basar 

bazar 

Beefsteak 

biefstuk 

Bifsteg 

bififstek 

bifshteks 

Bibel 

bijbel 

Bibel 

bibel 

biblia 

biblisch 

bijbelsch 

bibelsk 

biblisk 

bibleiski 

Bibliograph: 

ie  bibliografie 

Bibliografi 

bibliografi 

bibliografia 

Billet 

biljet 

Billet 

biljett 

bilet 

Billard 

bilj  art 

Billiard 

biljard 

bil'yard 

Billion 

billioen 

Billion 

billion 

bil'on 

Biograph 

biograaf 

Biograf 

biograf 

biograf 

biographisch  biografisch 

biografisk 

biografisk 

biografitcheski 

Biographic 

biografie 

Biografi 

biografi 

biografia 

Biscuit 

beschuit 

Biskoit 

biscuit 

biskvit 

Bivouak 

bivouak 

Bivouak 

bivuak 

bivak 

Block 

blok 

Blok 

block 

blok 

Note. — By  way  of  explanation,  we  will  here  add,  for  the  benefit  of  those  not 
conversant  with  these  languages,  that  in  the  French  and  Portuguese,  5  has  the  sound 
of  s  ;  that  in  the  Italian  the  grave  accent,  which  is  the  principal  one  and  the  only 
one  we  have  given,  is  on  the  last  syllable,  and  has  the  eflFect  to  throw  the  stress  of 
voice  upon  the  final  vowel.  That  in  the  Swedish  a  is  pronounced  like  o;  in  the 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  >^  denotes  a  liquid  sound  to  the  letter  over  which  it  is 
placed,  and  in  Russian  the  apostrophe  indicates  that  the  sound  of  the  preceding 
consonant  is  softened. 


51a 


German 

Dutch 

Danish - 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Athlet 

ateleet 

Atlet 

atlet 

atlet 

athletisch 

athletisch 

atletisk 

atletisk 

atletitcheski 

Atlas 

atlas 

Atlas 

atlas 

atlas 

Atmosphare 

atmosfeer 

Atmosfaere 

atmosfer 

atmosfer  a 

atmosphSrisch 
Atom 

atmosferisch 
atoom 

atmosfaerisk 
Atom 

atmosferisk 
atom 

atmosfernyi 
atom 

atomisch 

atomisch 

atomistisk 

atomisk 

atomitcheski 

Attest 
attisch 

attest 
attisch 

Attestering 
attisk 

attest 
attisk 

attestat 
attitcheski 

Attribut 

attribuut 

Attribut 

attribut 

atribut 

August 
Aurora 

Augustus 
aurora 

August 
Aurora 

augusti 
aurora 

Avgust 
avrora 

Autor 

auteur 

Autor 

auktor 

avtor 

Autoritat 

autoriteit 

Autoritet 

auktoritet 

avtoritet 

Autograph 
automatisch 

autograaf 
automatisch 

Autograf 
automatisk 

autograf 
automatisk 

avtograf 
avtomatitcheski 

Automat 

automaat 

Automat 

automat 

avtomat 

Axiom 

1-> 

axioma 

Axiom 

axiom 

aksioma 

15 

Baccalaureus  baccalaureus 

Baccalaureus 

baccalaureus 

bakkalavr 

Bagage 
Balkon 

bagage 
balkon 

Baggage 
Balkon 

bagage 
balkong 

bagazh 
balkon 

Ball 

bal 

Bal 

bal 

bal 

Ballade 

ballade 

Ballade 

ballad 

ballada 

Ballett 

ballet 

Ballet 

ballet 

balet 

Ballon 

ballon 

Ballon 

ballong 

ballon 

Balsam 

balsem 

Balsam 

balsam 

bal'zam 

Balustrade 

balustrade 

Balustrade 

balustrad 

balyustrada 

Bambus 

bamboes 

Bambus 

bambu 

bambuk 

Bandage 
Bandit 

band 
bandiet 

Bandage 
Bandit 

bandage 
bandit 

bandazh 
bandit 

Bank 

bank 

Bank 

bank 

bank 

Bankerott 

bankeroet 

Bankerot 

bankrutt 

bankrotstvo 

Barbarei 

barbaarschheid 

Barbari 

barbari 

barbarizm 

barbarisch 

barbaarsch 

barbarisk 

barbarisk 

varvarski 

Barometer 

barometer 

Barometer 

barometer 

barometr 

Baron 

baron 

Baron 

baron 

baron 

Baronet 

baronet 

Baronet 

baronet 

baronet 

Baronie 

baronij 

Baroni 

baroni 

baronstvo 

51 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Blond 

blond 

blondo 

blondo 

biondo 

Boat 

bateau 

bote 

bote 

battello 

Bomb 

bombe 

bomba 

bomba 

bomba 

Bombardment 

bombardement 

bombardeo 

bombardeamento 

bombardamento 

Bombazine 

bombasin 

bombasi 

bombaziua 

bombagino 

Borax 

borax 

borraj 

borax 

borrace 

Botanical 

botanique 

botanico 

botanico 

bottanico 

Botanist 

botaniste 

botanico 

botanico 

bottanico 

Botany 

botanique 

botanica 

botanica 

bottanica 

Brave 

brave 

bravo 

bravo 

bravo 

Breach 

breche 

brecha 

brecha 

breccia 

Brig 

brick 

bergantin 

brigue 

brigantino 

Brigade 

brigade 

brigada 

brigada 

brigata 

Brigadier 

brigadier 

brigadier 

brigadeiro 

brigadiere 

Brocade 

brocart 

brocado 

brocado 

broccato 

Bronze 

bronze 

bronce 

bronze 

bronzo 

Brown 

brun 

bruno 

bruno 

bruno 

Bucolic 

bucolique 

bucolico 

bucolico 

buccolico 

Bufialo 

buffle 

bufalo 

bufalo 

bufalo 

Bulletin 

bulletin 

boletin 

boletim 

bullettino 

Buoy 

bouee 

boya 

boia 

boje 

Bureau 

bureau 

bureo 

buro 

buro 

Bust 

buste 

busto 

busto 

busto 

C 

Cabinet 

cabinet 

gabinete 

gabinete 

gabinetto 

Cadet 

cadet 

cadete 

cadete 

cadetto 

Calendar 

calendrier 

calendario 

calendario 

calendario 

Calif 

calife 

califa 

califa 

califTo 

Calomel 

calomel 

calomel 

calomelanos 

calomelano 

Calvinism 

Calvinisme 

Calvinismo 

Calvinismo 

Calvinismo 

Calvinist 

Calviniste 

Calvinista 

Calvinista 

Calvinista 

Cambric 

cambresien 

cambray 

cambraia 

cambraja 

Camel 

chameau 

camello 

camelo 

cammello 

Camera 

chambre 

camara 

camara 

camera 

Camphor 

camphre 

alcanfor 

camphora 

canfora 

Canal 

canal 

canal 

canal 

canale 

Canary 

canari 

canario 

canario 

canarino 

Candidate 

candidat 

candidate 

candidate 

candidate 

52 


German 

Dutch 

DanJsh- 

Norwecian 

Swedish 

Russian 

blond 

blond 

blond 

blond 

blondin 

Boot 

boot 

Baad 

bat 

bot 

Bombe 

bom 

Bombe 

bomb 

bomba 

Bombardement 

bombardement 

Bombardement 

bombardering 

bombardirovanie 

Bombasin 

bombasijn 

Bombasin 

bombasin 

bombazin 

Borax 

borax 

Borax 

borax 

bura 

botanisch 

botanisch 

botanisk 

botanisk 

botanitcheski 

Botaniker 

botanist 

Botaniker 

botanist 

botanik 

Botanik 

botanie 

Botanik 

botanik 

botanika 

brav 

braaf 

brav 

bra,  spl. 

bravyi 

Bruch 

breuk 

Brsek 

brott 

bresh',  spl. 

Brigg 

brik 

Brig 

brigg 

brig 

Brigade 

brigade 

Brigade 

brigad 

brigada 

Brigadier 

brigadier 

Brigadegenetal 

brigadgeneral 

brigadir 

Brocat 

brocaat 

Brokade 

brokad 

brokat 

Bronze 

brons 

Bronse 

brons 

bronza 

braun 

bruin 

brun 

brun 

buryi 

biikolisch 

bukolisch 

bukolisk 

bukolisk 

bukolitcheski 

Buffel 

buflfel 

Boffel 

buffel 

buivol 

Bulletin 

bulletin 

Bulletin 

bulletin 

byulleten' 

Boje 

boei 

Boje 

boj 

bui 

Bureau 

bureau 

Bureau 

byra 

byuro 

Biiste 
C 

Kabinett 

buste 

Byste 

byst 

byust 

kabinet 

Kabinet 

kabinett 

kabinet 

Kadett 

kadet 

Kadet 

kadett 

kadet 

Kalender 

kalender 

Kalender 

kalender 

kalendar' 

Kalif 

kalief 

Kalif 

kalif 

kalif 

Kalorael 

calomel 

Kalomel 

kalomel 

kalomel' 

Calvinismus 

Calvinismus 

Kalvinisme 

Kalvinism 

kal'vinizm 

Calvinist 

Kalvinist 

Kalvinist 

Kalvinist 

Kal'vinist 

Kambrik 

kamerdoek 

Kammerdug 

kambrik 

kembrik 

Kameel 

kameel 

Kamel 

kamel 

kamel',  spl. 

Kammer 

kamer 

Kammer 

kamera 

kamera 

Kampfer 

kamfer 

Kamfer 

kamfer 

kamfora 

Kanal 

kanaal 

Kanal 

kanal 

kanal 

Kanarien 

kanarie 

Kanari 

kanarie 

kanareika 

Kandidat 

kandidaat 

Kandidat 

kandidat 

kandidat 

53 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Canon,  eccl. 

canon 

canon 

canon 

canone 

Canonical 

canonique 

canonico 

canonico 

canonico 

Capital 

capitale 

capital 

capital 

capitale 

Capitol 

capitole 

capitolio 

capitolio 

capitolio 

Capitulation 

capitulation 

capitulacion 

capitula^ao 

capitolazione 

Captain 

capitaine 

capitan 

capitao 

capitano 

Caravan 

caravane 

caravana 

caravana 

carovana 

Carbine 

carabine 

carabina 

carabina 

carabina 

Carbuncle 

escarboucle 

carbuncle 

carbunculo 

carbonchio 

Card 

carte 

carta 

carta 

carta 

Cardinal 

cardinal 

cardenal 

cardinal 

cardinale 

Caricature 

caricature 

caricatura 

caricatura 

caricatura 

Carmine 

carmin 

carmin 

carmim 

carminio 

Cat 

chat 

gato 

gato 

gatto 

Catacomb 

catacombe 

catacumbas 

catacumba 

catacomba 

Catalogue 

catalogue 

catalogo 

catalogo 

catalogo 

Cataract 

cataracte 

catarata 

cataracta 

cateratta 

Catarrh 

catarrhe 

catarro 

catarrho 

catarro 

Catastrophe 

catastrophe 

catastrofe 

catastrophe 

catastrofe 

Catechism 

catechisme 

catequismo 

catechismo 

catechismo 

Category 

categoric 

categoria 

categoria 

categoria 

Catholic,  a. 

catholique 

catolico 

catholico 

cattolico 

Cavalcade 

cavalcade 

cabalgata 

cavalgada 

cavalcata 

Cavalier 

cavalier 

caballero 

cavalleiro 

cavaliere 

Cedar 

cedre 

cedro 

cedro 

cedro 

Cell 

cellule 

eel  da 

cella 

cella 

Celtic 

celtique 

celtico 

celtico 

celtico 

Cement 

ciment 

cimento 

cemento 

cemento 

Censor 

censeur 

censor 

censor 

censore 

Censure 

censure 

censura 

censura 

censura 

Centaur 

centaure 

centauro 

centauro 

centauro 

Center 

centre 

centro 

centro 

centro 

Central 

central 

central 

central 

centrale 

Century 

centurie 

centuria 

centuria 

centuria 

Ceremonial 

cer6monial 

ceremonial 

ceremonial 

cerimoniale 

Ceremonious  ceremonieux 

ceremonioso 

ceremonioso 

cerimonioso 

Ceremony 

ceremonie 

ceremonia 

ceremonia 

cerimonia 

Chamber 

chambre 

cdmara 

camara 

camera 

Chameleon 

cam^leon 

camale6n 

cameleao 

camaleonte 

54 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Kanon 

kanon 

Kanon 

kanon 

kanon 

kanonisch 

kanoniek 

kauonisk 

kanonisk 

kanonitcheski 

Kapital 

Kapitol 

Kapitulation 

Kapitan 

Karavane 

kapitaal 

kapitool 

kapitulatie 

kapitein 

karavaan 

Kapital 

Kapitolium 

Kapitulation 

Kaptein 

Karavane 

kapital 

kapitolium 

kapitulation 

kapten 

karavan 

kapital 
kapitol  i 
kapitulyatzia 
kapitan 
karavan 

Karabiner  , 

karabijn 

Karabin 

karbin 

karabin 

Karfunkel 

karbonkel 

Karbunkel 

karbunkel 

karbunkul 

Karte 

kaart 

Kort 

kort 

karta 

Kardinal 

kardinaal 

Kardinal 

kardinal 

kardinal 

Carikatur 

carikatuur 

Karikatur 

karikatur 

karikatura 

Karmin 

karmijn 

Karmin 

karmin 

karmin 

Katze 

kat 

Kat 

katt 

kot 

Katakombe 

katakombe 

Katakombe 

katakomb 

katakomby,  pi. 

Katalog 
Katarakt 

katalogus 
katarakt 

Katalog 
Katarakt 

katalog 
katarakt 

katalog 
katarakt 

Katarrh 

katarrh 

Katar 

katarr 

katarr 

Katastrophe 

catastrophe 

Katastrofe 

katastrof 

katastrofa 

Katechismus  katechismus 

Katekismus 

katekes 

katekhizis 

Kategorie 
katholisch 

kategorie 
katholiek 

Kategori 
katolsk 

kategori 
katolsk 

kategoria 
katolitcheski 

Cavalcade 

cavalcade 

Kavalkade 

kavalkad 

kaval'kada 

Cavalier 

cavalier 

Kavaler 

kavaljer 

kavaler 

Ceder 

ceder 

Ceder 

ceder 

kedr 

Zelle 

eel 

Celle 

cell 

kel'ya 

keltisch 

keltisch 

keltisk 

keltisk 

kel'titcheski 

Cement 

cement 

Cement 

cement 

tzement 

Censor 

censor 

Censor 

censor 

tzenzor 

Censur,  spl. 

censuur 

Censur 

censur 

tzenzura 

Centaur 

centaur 

Centaur 

centaur 

tzentavr 

Centrum 

centrum 

Centrum 

center 

tzentr 

central 

centraal 

central 

central 

tzentral'nyi 

Centurie 

centurie 

Centurie 

centuria 

tzenturia 

Ceremoniell 

ceremonieel 

Ceremoniel 

ceremoniel 

tzeremonial 

ceremonies 

ceremonieus 

ceremonies 

ceremonies 

tzeremonnyi 

Ceremonie 

ceremonie 

Ceremoni 

ceremoni 

tzeremonia 

Kammer 

kamer 

Kammer 

kammare 

kamera 

Khamaleon 

kameleon 

Kamaeleon 

kameleont 

khameleon 

55 


English 


French 


Spanish 


Portuguese 


Italian 


Champagne  champagne  champaiia 

Chancellor  chancelier  canciller 

Chancery  chancellerie  cancilleria 

Chaos  chaos  caos 

Chapel  chapelle  capilla 

Chaplain  chapelain  capellan 

Chapter  chapitre  capitulo 

Character  caractere  caracter 

Characteristic  caracteristique  caracteristico 

Chemical  chimique  quimico 

Chemist  chimiste  quimico 

Chemistry  chimie  qufmica 

Chlorin  chlore  clorino 

Chocolate  chocolat  chocolate 

Cholera  cholera  colera-morbo 

Choleric  cholerique  colerico 

Christ  Christ  Cristo 

Christian,  n.  Chretien  Cristiano 

Christianity  christianisme  cristianismo 

Chromatic  chromatique  cromatico 

Chronic  chronique  cronico 

Chronicle  chronique  cronica 

Chronological  chronologique  cronologico 

Chronologer  chronologiste  cronologo 

Chronology  chronologie  cronologia 

Chronometer  chronometre  cronometro 

Chrysolite  chrysolithe  crisolito 

Cider  cidre  sidra 

Cigar  cigare  cigarro 

Cipher  chiffre  cifra 

Circular  circulaire  circular 

Circus  cirque  circo 

Cistern  citerne  cisterna 

Citadel  citadelle  ciudadela 
Citation           citation  citacion 

Civilization  civilisation        civilizacion 
Clarinet  clarinette  clarinete 

Class  classe  clase 


champanha  sciampagna 

chancelier  cancelliere 

chancellaria  cancelleria 

chaos  caos 

capella  cappella 

capellao  cappellano 

capitulo  capitolo 

caracter  carattere 

caracteristico  caratteristico 

chimico  chimico 

chimico  chimico 

chimica  chimica 

chlorina  cloro 

chocolate  cioccolata 
cholera-morbo  colera 

cholerico  collerico 

Christo  Cristo 

Christao  Cristiano 

christianismo  cristianita 

chromatico  cromatico 

chronico  cronico 

chronica  cronica 

chronologico  cronologico 

chronologo  cronologista 

chronologia  cronologia 

chronometro  cronometro 

chrysolitha  crisolito 

cidra  sidro 

cigarro  sigaro 

cifra  cifra 

circular  circolare 

circo  circo 

cisterna  cisterna 

citadella  cittadella 

citagao  citazione 

civiliza^ao  civilizzazione 

clarineta  clarinetto 

classe  classe 


56 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwecian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Champagne 

champagne 

Champagne 

champagne 

shamp*nskoie(vino) 

Kanzler 

kanselier 

Kansler 

kansler 

kantzler 

Kanzlei 

kanselarij 

Kancelli 

kansli 

kantzelyaria 

Chaos 

chaos 

Kaos 

kaos 

khaos 

Kapelle 

kapel 

Kapel 

kapell 

kapella 

Kaplan 

kapelaan 

Kapellan 

kaplan 

kapelyan 

Kapitel 

kapittel 

Kapitel 

kapitel 

kapitul 

Charakter 

karakter 

Karaktei 

karakter 

kharakter 

charakteristisch  karakteristiek 

karakteristisk 

:  karakteristisk 

kharakteristitchaski 

chemisch 

chemisch 

kemisk 

kemisk 

khimitcheski 

Chemiker 

chimist 

Kemiker 

kemist 

khimik 

Chemie 

chimie 

Kerai 

kemi 

khimia 

Chlor 

chloor 

Chlorine 

klor 

khlor 

Chocolate 

chocolade 

Chokolade 

choklad 

shokolad 

Cholera 

cholera 

Kolera 

kolera 

kholera 

cholerisch 

choleriek 

kolerisk 

kolerisk 

kholeritcheski 

Christus 

Christus 

Kristus 

Kristus 

Khristos 

Christ 

Christen 

Kristen 

Kristen 

Khristianin 

Christenthum 

christenheid 

Kristendom 

kristendom 

khristianstvo 

chromatisch 

chromatisch 

kromatisk 

kromatisk 

khromatitcheski 

chronisch 

chronisch 

kronisk 

kronisk 

khronitcheski 

Chronik 

kronijk 

Kronike 

kronika 

khronika 

chronologisch 

chronologisch 

kronologisk 

kronologisk 

khronologitcheskj 

Chronolog 

chronologist 

Kronolog 

kronolog 

khronolog 

Chronologic 

chronologic 

Kronologi 

kronologi 

khronologia 

Chronometer  chronometer 

Kronometer 

kronometer 

khronometr 

Chrysolith 

chrysoliet 

Krysolit 

krysolit 

khrizolit 

Cider 

cider 

Cider 

cider 

sidr 

Cigarre 

sigaar 

Cigar 

cigarr 

sigara 

Ziffer 

cijfer 

CifFer 

siflfra 

tzifra 

circular 

circulair 

Circulaere,  n. 

circular 

tzirkulyar 

Circus 

circus 

Cirkus 

cirkus 

tzirk 

Cisterne 

cisterne 

Cisterne 

cistern 

tzisterna 

Citadelle 

citadel 

Citadel 

citadell 

tzitadel' 

Citation 

citaat 

Citat 

citat 

tzitata 

Civilisation 

civilisatie 

Civilisation 

civilisation 

tzivilizatzia 

Klarinette 

klarinet 

Klarinet 

klarinett 

klarnet 

Klasse 

klas 

Klasse 

klass 

klass 

57 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Classic 

classique 

clasico 

classico 

classico 

Classification  classification 

clasificacion 

classificagao 

classificazione 

Client 

client 

cliente 

cliente 

cliente 

Climate 

climat 

clima 

clima 

clima 

Clinic,  a. 

clinique 

clinico 

clinico 

clinico 

Club,  soc. 

club 

club 

club 

club 

Cobalt 

cobalt 

cobalto 

cobalto 

cobalto 

Cochineal 

cochenille 

cochinilla 

cochonilha 

cocciniglia 

Cocoa 

cacao,  coco 

coco,  cacao 

coco,  cacao 

caccao 

Coffee 

cafe 

cafe 

cafe 

cafFe 

Cohort 

cohorte 

cohorte 

cohorte 

coorte 

Colic 

colique 

colica 

colica 

colica 

College 

college 

colegio 

collegio 

collegio 

Colonial 

colonial 

colonial 

colonial 

coloniale 

Colonist 

colon 

colono 

colono 

colono 

Colonization 

colonisation 

colonizacion 

colonisacjao 

colonizzazione 

Colonnade 

colonnade 

columnata 

columnata 

colonnato 

Colony 

colonic 

colonia 

colonia 

colonia 

Colossal 

colossal 

colosal 

colossal 

colossale 

Colosseum 

colisee 

coliseo 

coliseo 

coliseo 

Colossus 

colosse 

coloso 

colosso 

colosso 

Column 

colonne 

columna 

columna 

colonna 

Comedy- 

comedie 

comedia 

comedia 

commedia 

Comet 

comete 

cometa 

cometa 

cometa 

Comic 

comique 

comico 

comico 

comico 

Command,  v 

.  commander 

comandar 

commandar 

comandare 

Command,  n 

.  commandement 

comando 

commando 

comando 

Commandant  commandant 

comandante 

commandante  comandante 

Commentary 

commentaire 

comentario 

commentario 

comentario 

Commentator commentateur  comentador 

commentador 

comentatore 

Commerce 

commerce 

comercio 

commercio 

commercio 

Commercial 

commercial 

comercial 

commercial 

commerciale 

Commissary 

commissaire 

comisario 

commissario 

commisario 

Commission 

commission 

comision 

commissao 

commissione 

Commissioner 

commissionnaire 

comisionado 

commissario  , 

commissionario 

Commune 

commune 

comun 

commum 

comune 

Company 

compagnie 

compania 

companhia 

compagna 

Compass 

compas 

compas 

58 

compasso 

compasso 

German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
NorweKian 

Swedish 

Russian 

klassisch 

klassiek 

klassisk 

klassisk 

klassitcheski 

Classification  classifikatie 

Klassifikation 

klassifikation 

klassifikatzia 

Client 

client 

Klient 

klient 

klient 

Klima 

klimaat 

Klima 

klimat 

klimat 

klinisch 

clinisch 

klinisk 

klinisk 

klinitcheski 

Club 

club 

Klub 

klubb 

klub 

Kobalt 

kobalt 

Kobolt 

kobolt 

kobal't 

Kochenille 

konzenielje 

Kochenille 

kochenill 

koshenir 

Kacao,  kokos  kokos 

Kakao, 

kokos,  kakao 

kakao 

Kaffee 

koffie 

Kaffe 

kaffe 

kofe 

Kohorte 

cohorte 

Kohort 

kohort 

kogorta 

Kolik 

koliek 

Kolik 

kolik 

kolika 

Collegium 

collegie 

Kollegium 

kollegium, spl.  kollegia 

kolonial 

koloniaal 

kolonial 

kolonial 

kolonial' nyi 

Kolonist 

kolonist 

Kolonist 

kolonist 

kolonist 

Kolonisation 

koloiiisatie 

Kolonisation 

kolonisation 

kolonizatzia 

Colonnade 

colonnade 

Kolonnade 

kolonnad 

kolonnada 

Kolonie 

koloiiie 

Koloni 

koloni 

kolonia 

kolossal 

kolossaal 

kolossal 

kolossal 

kolossal' nyi 

Coliseum 

coliseum 

Coliseum 

coliseum 

kolizei 

Koloss 

kolos 

Kolos 

koloss 

koloss 

Kolumne 

kolom 

Kolonne 

kolonn 

kolonna 

Komodie 

comedie 

Komedie 

komedi 

komedia 

Komet 

komeet 

Komet 

komet 

kometa 

komisch 

komiek 

komisk 

komisk 

komitcheski 

commandirencommandeerenkoramandere 

kommendera 

komandovat' 

Commando 

commando 

Kommando 

kommando 

komanda 

Commandant  commandant 

Kommandant 

kommendant 

komandir 

Commentar 

commentair 

Kommentar 

kommentar 

kommentari 

Commentator  commentator 

Kommentator 

kommentator 

kommentator 

Commerz 

commerce 

Kommerce 

kommers 

kommertzia 

commerziell 

commercieel 

kommerciel 

kommersiel 

kommertcheski 

Commissar 

commissaris 

Kommissaiius 

;  kommissarie 

kommisar 

Commission 

commissie 

Kommission 

kommission 

kommisia 

Commissionilr 

commissionair  Kommissioneer 

kommissionar 

kommisioner 

Commune 

commune 

Kommune 

kommun 

komuna 

Kompagnie 

kompagnie 

Kompani 

kompani 

kompania 

Kompass 

kompas 

Kompas 

kompass 

kompas 

59 


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Portuguese        Italian 


Competent 

Compilation 

Compile 

Compliment 

Compose 

Composition 

Compromise,  n. 

Compromise,  v. 

Concentric 

Concert 

Conclave 

Concordat 

Concrete 

Concurrence 

Condition 

Conductor 

Confect 

Conference 

Confirm 

Confirmation 

Confiscation 

Congress 

Conic 

Conscription 

Conservative 

Constable 

Constitution 

Constitutional 

Construction 

Consul 

Consular 

Consulate 

Continent 

Continental 

Contraband 

Contract 

Contrast 

Convention 

Convoy 


competent  competente 
compilation  compilacion 
compiler  compilar 


compliment 
composer 
composition 
compromis 


cumplimiento 
componer 
composicion 
compromiso 


compromettre  comprometer 
concentrique    concentrico 


concert 

conclave 

concordat 

concret 

concours 

condition 

couducteur 

confiture 

conference 

confirmer 


concierto 

conclave 

concordato 

concrete 

concurrencia 

condicion 

conductor 

confitura 

conferencia 

confirmar 


confirmation     confirmacion 
confiscation       confiscacion 


congres 

conique 

conscription 

conservatif 

connetable 

constitution 


congreso 

conico 

conscripcion 

conservative 

condestable 

constitucion 


constitutionnelconstitucional 
construction     construccion 


consul 

consulaire 

consulat 

continent 

continental 

contrebande 

contrat 

contraste 

convention 

convoi 


consul 

consular 

consulado 

continente 

continental 

contrabando 

contrato 

contraste 

convencion 

convoy 

60 


competente 

compilagao 

compilar 

comprimento 

compor 

composi^ao 

compromisso 

comprometter 

concentrico 

concerto 

conclave 

concordata 

concrete 

concurrencia 

condigao 

conductor 

confitura 

conferencia 

confirmar 

confirma^ao 

confisca^ao 

congresso 

conico 

conscripgao 

conservative 

condestable 

constitui^ae 

censtitucienal 

construcgae 

consul 

consular 

consulado 

continente 

continental 

contrabando 

contrato 

contraste 

convengae 

conibei 


competente 

compilazione 

cempilare 

cemplimento 

comporre 

composizione 

compremesso 

compromettere 

concentrico 

concerto 

conclave 

concordato 

concrete 

concorrenza 

condizione 

conduttore 

confetto 

conferenza 

confermare 

confermazione 

confiscazione 

congresso 

conico 

coscrizione 

conservative 

conestabile 

costituzione 

costituzionale 

cestruziene 

console 

censelare 

consolato 

continente 

continentale 

contrabbande 

centratto 

contraste 

convenziene 

convoalio 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweglan 

Swedish 

Russian 

kompetent      competent 
Compilation  compilatie 
compiliren      compileeren 
Compliment   compliment 

kompetent 
Kompilation 
kompilere 
Kompliment 

kompetent 
kompilation 
kompilera 
kompliment 

kompetentnyi 
kompilyatzia 
kompilirovat' 
kompliment 

componiren 

Composition 

Compromiss 

componeeren 

compositie 

compromis 

komponere 

Komposition 

Kompromis 

komponera 

komposition 

kompromiss 

komponirovat' 

kompozitzia 

kompromis 

compromittiren 
concentrisch 

compromiteeren 
concentrisch 

kompromittere 
koncentrisk 

kompromettera.spl 
koncentrisk 

.  komprometirovat' 
kontzentritcheski 

Konzert 

concert 

Koncert 

koncert 

kontzert 

Conclave 

conclave 

Konklave 

konklav 

konklav 

Konkordat 

konkordaat 

Konkordat 

konkordat 

konkordat 

concret 
Concurrenz 

concreet 
concurrentie 

konkret 
Konkurrens 

konkret 
konkurrens 

konkretnyi 
konkurentzia 

Condition 

conditie 

Kondition 

kondition 

konditzia 

Kondukteur 

conducteur 

Konduktor 

konduktor 

konduktor 

Konfect 

konfijt 

Konfekt 

konfekt 

konfeta 

Conferenz 

conferentie 

Konferens 

konferens 

konferentzia 

konfirmiren 

confirmeeren 

konfirmere 

konfirmera 

konfirmovat' 

Konfirmatior 

I  confirmatie 

Konfirmation 

konfirmation 

konfirmatzia 

Confiscation 

confiscatie 

Konfiskation 

konfiskering 

konfiskatzia 

Congress 
konisch 

congres 
conisch 

Kongres 
konisk 

kongress 
konisk 

kongres 
konitcheski 

Conscription 
conservativ 
Konstabel 
Constitution 

conscriptie 
conservatief 
konstabel 
constitutie 

Konskription 
kon^ervativ 
Konstabel 
Konstitution 

konskription 
konservativ 
konstapel 
konstitution 

konskriptzia 
konservativnyi 
konstabr 
konstitutzia 

constitutionell     constitutioneelkonstitutional  konstitutionel 
Construction  constructie        Konstruktion    konstruktion 

■  konstitutzionnyi 
konstruktzia 

Konsul 

consul 

Konsul 

konsul 

konsul 

konsularisch  consulair 

konsularisk 

konsular 

konsul'ski 

Konsulat 

konsulaat 

Konsulat 

konsulat 

konsul 'stvo 

Continent 

continent 

Kontinent 

kontinent 

kontinent 

continental 

kontinentaal 

kontinental 

kontinental 

kontinental'nyi 

contraband 

contrabande 

kontrabande 

kontiaband 

kontrabanda 

Contract 

contract 

Kontrakt 

kontrakt 

kontrakt 

Contrast 

contrast 

Kontrast 

kontrast 

kontrast 

Convention 

conventie 

Konvent 

konvention 

konventzia 

Konvoi 

konvooi 

Konvoj 

6i 

konvoj 

konvoi 

English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Convulsion 

convulsion 

convulsion 

convulsao 

convulsione 

Copal 

copal 

copal 

copal 

copale 

Copy 

copie 

copia 

copia 

copia 

Copy,  V. 

copier 

copiar 

copiar 

copiare 

Coral 

corail 

coral 

coral 

corallo 

Cordon 

cordon 

cordon 

cordao 

cordone 

Coriander 

coriandre 

coriandro 

coentro 

coriandro 

Corinthian 

corinthien 

corintio 

corinthio 

corintio 

Cornet 

cornet 

corneta 

corneta 

cornetta 

Cornice 

corniche 

cornisa 

cornija 

cornice 

Corollary 

corollaire 

corolario 

corollario 

corollario 

Corporal 

caporal 

caporal 

corporal 

caporale 

Corporation 

corporation 

corporacion 

corporagao 

corporazione 

Corps 

corps 

cuerpo 

corpo 

corpo 

Correct,  v. 

corriger 

corregir 

corrigir 

corregere 

Correspondence 

correspondance 

correspondencia 

correspondencia 

corrispondenza 

Correspondent 

correspondant 

■  correspondiente 

correspondente 

corrispondente 

Corridor 

corridor 

corredor 

corredor 

corridoio 

Corsair 

corsaire 

corsario 

corsario 

corsaro 

Corset 

corset 

corse 

corse 

corsetto 

Corvette 

corvette 

corveta 

corveta 

corvetta 

Cosmographer 

cosmographe 

cosmografo 

cosmographo 

cosmografo 

Cosmographic 

cosmographique 

cosmografico 

cosmographico  cosmografico 

Cosmography 

cosmographic 

cosmografia- 

cosmographia 

cosmografia 

Cosmopolite 

cosmopolite 

cosmopolita 

cosmopolita 

cosmopolita 

Couplet 

couplet 

copla 

copla 

coppia 

Courier 

courier 

correo 

correio 

corriere 

Cramp 

crampe 

calambre 

cambra 

rampino 

Crater 

cratere 

crater 

cratera 

cratere 

Credit 

credit 

credito 

credito 

credito 

Creditor 

creancier 

acreedor 

credor 

creditore 

Creole 

Creole 

criollo 

crioulo 

creolo 

Criminal,  a. 

criminel 

criminal 

criminal 

criminale 

Crisis 

crise 

crisis 

crise 

crisi 

Critic 

critique 

critico 

critico 

critico 

Critical 

critique 

critico 

critico 

critico 

Criticism 

critique 

critica 

critica 

critica 

62 


German 

Dutch 

Danish. 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Convulsion 

convulsie 

Konvulsion 

konvulsion 

konvul'sia 

Kopal 

copal 

Kopal 

kopal 

kopal 

Kopie 

kopij 

Kopi 

kopia 

kopia 

kopiren 

kopieeren 

kopiere 

kopiera 

kopirovat' 

Koralle 

koraal 

Koral 

korall 

korall 

Kordon 

kordon 

Kordon 

kordong 

kordon 

Koriander 

koriander 

Koriander 

koriander 

koriandr 

korinthisch 

corinthisch 

korinthisk 

korintisk 

korinfski 

Kornett 

kornet 

Kornet 

kornett 

kornet 

Karnies 

karnis 

Karnis 

karnis 

karniz 

Corollarium 

corollarium 

KoroUarium 

korollarium 

korollari 

Korporal 

korporaal 

Korporal 

korporal 

kapral 

Corporation 

corporatie 

Korporation 

korporation 

korporatzia 

Korps 

korps 

Korps 

kar 

korpus 

corrigiren 

corrigeeren 

korrigere 

korrigera 

korrektirovat' 

Correspondenz 

correspondentie 

Korrespondens 

korrespondens  korrespondentzia 

Correspondent 

correspondeni 

'-  Korrespondent 

korrespondent  korrespondent 

Corridor 

corridor 

Korridor 

korridor 

koridor 

Korvette 

korvet 

Korvet 

korvett 

korvet 

Korsar 

korsar 

Korsar 

korsar 

korsar 

Korsett 

korset 

Korset 

korsett 

korset 

Kosmograph  kosmograaf 

Kosmograf 

kosmograf 

kosmograf 

kosmographisch 

1  kosmografisch  kosmografisk 

kosmografisk 

kosmografitcheskl 

Kosmographie 

kosmografie 

Kosmografi 

kosmografi 

kosmografia 

Kosmopolit 

cosmopoliet 

Kosmopolit 

kosmopolit 

kosmopolit 

Couplet 

couplet 

Kuplet 

kuplett 

kuplet 

Kurier 

koerier 

Kurer 

kurir 

kur'er 

Krampf 

kramp 

Krampe 

kramp 

khrap  (spl.) 

Krater 

krater 

Krater 

krater 

krater 

Credit 

credit 

Kredit 

kredit 

kredit 

Creditor 

crediteur 

Kreditor 

kreditor 

kreditor 

Creole 

creool 

Kreol 

kreol 

kreol 

criminal 

crimineel 

kriminal 

kriminal 

kriminal'nyi 

Krisis 

crisis 

Krisis 

kris 

krizis 

Kritiker 

critiek 

Kritiker 

kritiker 

kritik 

kritisch 

critisch 

kritisk 

kritisk 

krititcheski 

Kritik 

critiek 

Kritik 

kritik 

kritika 

63 


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French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Crocodile 

crocodile 

cocodrilo 

crocodilo 

coccodrillo 

Cross 

croix 

cruz 

cruz 

croce 

Crown 

couronne 

corona 

coroa 

corona 

Cruiser 

croiseur 

corsario 

corsario 

corsaro 

Crusade 

croisade 

cruzada 

cruzada 

crociata 

Crusader 

crois6 

cruzado 

cruzado 

crociato 

Cry 

cri 

grito 

grito 

grido 

Crystal 

crista! 

cristal 

crystal 

cristallo 

Crystalline 

cristallin 

cristalino 

crystallino 

cristallino 

Crystallization 

cristallisation 

cristalizacion 

crystallizagao 

cristallizzazione 

Cube 

cube 

cubo 

cubo 

cubo 

Cubic 

cubique 

cubico 

cubico 

cubico 

Cuckoo 

coucou 

cuco 

cuco 

cuculo 

Cuirass 

cuirasse 

coraza 

coura^a 

corazza 

Cuirassier 

cuirassier 

coracero 

couraceiro 

corazziere 

Culmination 

culmination 

culminacion 

culmina$ao 

culminazione 

Culture 

culture 

cultura 

cultura 

cultura 

Cupola 

coupole 

cupula 

cupola 

cupola 

Curator 

curateur 

curador 

curador 

curatore 

Curt 

court 

corto 

curto 

corto 

Curtain 

courtine 

cortina 

cortina 

cortina 

Cutlet 

cotelette 

chuleta 

costella 

costoletta 

Cutter,  mar. 

cutter 

cuter 

cutter 

cutter 

Cycloid 

cycloide 

cicloide 

cycloide 

cicloide 

Cyclops,  sing 

^.  cyclope 

ciclope 

cyclopas,  pi. 

ciclope 

Cylinder 

cylindre 

cilindro 

cylindro 

cilindro 

Cylindrical 

cylindrique 

cilindrico 

cylindrico 

cilindrico 

Cymbal 

cymbale 

cimbalo 

cymbalo 

cembalo 

Cynic 

cynique 

cinico 

cynico 

cinico 

Cynical 

cynique 

cinico 

cynico 

cinico 

Cypress 

cypres 

cipres 

cypreste 

cipresso 

Czar 

czar 

zar 

czar 

czar 

Czarina 

czarine 

zarina 

czarina 

czarina 

Dactyl 

dactyle 

dactilo 

dactilo 

dattilo 

Damask 

damas 

damasco 

damasco 

damasco 

Dame 

dame 

dama 

dama 

dama 

Dance 

danse 

danza 

danga 

danza 

64 


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Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Krokodil 

krokodil 

Krokodille 

krokodil 

krokodil 

Kreuz 

kruis 

Kors 

kors 

krest 

Krone 

kroon 

Krone 

krona 

korona 

Kreuzer 

kruiser 

Krydser 

kryssare 

kreiser 

Kreuzzug 

kruistogt 

Kors  tog 

korstag 

kruzada,  spl. 

Kreuzfahrer 

kruisvaarder 

Korsfarer 

korsfarare 

krestonosetz 

Schrei 

schreeuw 

Skrig 

skri 

krik 

Krystall 

kristal 

Krystal 

kristall 

kristall 

krystallen 

kristallijn 

krystallinsk 

kristallisk 

khrustal'nyi 

Krystallisation 

kristallisatie 

Krystallisation  kristallisatioc 

I  kristallizatzia 

Kubus 

kubus 

Kubus 

kub 

'  kub 

kubisch 

kubiek 

kubisk 

kubisk 

kubitcheski 

Kuckuk 

koekoek 

Kukker 

kuku 

kukushka 

Kiirass 

kuras 

Kyras 

kyrass 

kirasa 

Kiirassier 

kurassier 

Kyrasser 

kyrassier 

kirasir 

Culmination 

culminatie 

Kulmination 

kulmination 

kul'minatzia 

Cultur 

cultuur 

Kultur 

kultur 

kul'tura 

Kuppel 

koepel 

Kuppel 

kupol 

kupol 

Curator 

curator 

Kurator 

kurator 

kurator 

kurz 

kort 

kort 

kort 

korotki 

Gardine 

gordijn 

Gardin 

gardin 

gardina 

Kotelett 

kotelet 

Kotelet 

kotlett 

kotleta 

Kutter 

kotter 

Kutter 

kutter 

kater,  spl. 

Cykloide 

cycloide 

Cykloide 

cykloid 

tzikloida 

Cyclop 

cycloop 

Cyklop 

cyklop 

tziklop 

Cylinder 

cylinder 

Cylinder 

cylinder 

tzilindr 

cylindrisch 

cylindrisch 

cylindrisk 

cylindrisk 

tzilindritcheski 

Cymbal 

cimbaal 

Cymbal 

cymbal 

kimval 

Cyniker 

cyniker 

Cyniker 

cyniker 

tzinik 

cynisch 

cynisch 

cynisk 

cynisk 

tzinitcheski 

Cypresse 

cipres 

Cypres 

cypress 

kiparis 

Czar 

czaar 

Tsar 

czar 

tzar' 

Czarina 

czarin 

Tsarinde 

czarina 

tzaritza 

Dactyl 

daktylus 

Daktyl 

daktyl 

daktil' 

Damast 

damast 

Damask 

damask 

damask 

Dame 

dame 

Dame 

dam 

dama 

Tanz 

dans 

Dans 

dans 

tanetz 

65 


English 


French 


Spanish 


Portuguese         Italian 


Dance,  v. 

Dancer 

Danseuse 

Dative 

Deacon 

Dean 

Debit 

Decade 

December 

Decimal 

Declaim 

Declaimer 

Declamation 

Declamatory 

Decoration 

Decree 

Decretal 

Deism 

Deist 

Deistical 

Delegate 

Delegation 

Delicacy 

Delicate 

Demagogue 

Democracy 

Democrat 

Democratic 

Demon 

Demoniacal 

Dentist 

Department 

Deputation 

Dervish 

Desert,  v. 

Deserter 

Despot 

Despotic 

Despotism 


danser 

danseur 

danseuse 

datif 

diacre 

doyen 

debet 

decade 

decembre 

decimal 

declamer 

declamateur 

declamation 

declamatoire 

decoration 

decret 

decretale 

deisme 

deiste 

deiste 

delegue 

delegation 

delicatesse 

delicat 

demagogue 

democratic 

democrate 

democratique 

demon 

demoniaque 

dentiste 

departement 

deputation 

derviche 

deserter 

deserteur 

despote 

despotique 

despotisme 


danzar 

danzador 

danzadora 

dativo 

diacono 

dean 

debito 

decada 

Diciembre 

decimal 

declamar 

declamador 

declamacion 

declamatorio 

decoracion 

decreto 

decretero 

deismo 

deista 

deistico 

delegado 

delegacion 

delicadeza 

delicado 

demagog© 

democracia 

democrata 

democratic© 

demonio 

demoniac© 

dentista 

departamento 

diputacion 

dervis 

desertar 

desertor 

despota 

despotic© 

despotism© 

66 


danzar 

danparino 

dangarina 

dativ© 

diacon© 

dea© 

debit© 

decada 

Dezembr© 

decimal 

declamar 

declamad©r 

declamaga© 

declamat©ri© 

dec©ra9a© 

decreto 

decretal 

deismo 

deista 

deistico 

delegado 

delegacao 

delicadeza 

delicado 

demagog© 

dem©cracia 

dem©crata 

democratic© 

dem©ni© 

dem©niac© 

dentista 

departament© 

deputajao 

dervis 

desertar 

desert©r 

desp©ta 

desp©tic© 

despotisnio 


danzare 

danzat©re 

danzatrice 

dativo 

diac©n© 

decan© 

debit© 

decade 

dicembre 

decimale 

declamare 

declamat©re 

declamazi©ne 

declamat©ri© 

dec©razi©ne 

decret© 

decretale 

deism© 

deista 

deistico 

delegat© 

delegazi©ne 

delicatezza 

delicat© 

demagog© 

democrazia 

dem©cratico 

democratic© 

demoni© 

demoniac© 

dentista 

dipartiment© 

deputazi©ne 

dervis 

disertare 

disertore 

desp©ta 

desp©tic© 

desp©tism© 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwejilan 

Swedish 

Russian 

tanzen 

dansen 

danse 

dansa 

tantzovat' 

Tiinzer 

danser 

Danser 

dansare 

tantzor 

Tanzerin 

danseres 

Danserinde 

dansos 

tantzorka 

Dativ 

datief 

Dativ 

dativ 

datel'nyi 

Diakon 

diaken 

Diakon 

diakon 

d'yakon 

Dekaii 

deken 

Dekan 

dekan 

dekan 

Debet 

debet 

Debet 

debet 

debet 

Decade 

decade 

Dekade 

dekad 

dekada 

December 

December 

December 

december 

Dekabr' 

Decimal 

decimaal 

Decimal 

decimal 

desyatitchnyi 

declamiren 

declameeren 

deklamere 

deklamera 

deklamirovat' 

Declamator 

declamator 

Deklamator 

deklamator 

deklamator 

Declamation 

declamatie 

Deklamation 

deklamation 

deklamatzia 

declamatorisch 

declamatorisch deklamatorisk  deklamatorisk  deklamatorski 

Decoration 

decoratie 

Dekoration 

dekoration 

dekoratzia 

Decret 

decreet 

Dekret 

dekret 

dekret 

Decretal 

dekretal 

Dekretal 

dekretal 

dekretalia 

Deismus 

deisme 

Deisme 

deism 

deizm 

Deist 

deist 

Deist 

deist 

deist 

deistisch 

deistisch 

deistisk 

deistisk 

deistitcheski 

Delegat 

gedelegeerde 

Delegeret 

delegat 

delegat 

Delegation 

delegeering 

Delegation 

delegation 

delegatzia 

Delikatesse 

delicatie 

Delikatesse 

delikatess 

delikatnost' 

delikat 

delicaat 

delikat 

delikat 

delikatnyi 

Demagog 

demagoog 

Demagog 

demagog 

demagog 

Demokratie 

demokratie 

Demokrati 

demokrati 

demokratia 

Demokrat 

demokraat 

Demokrat 

demokrat 

demokrat 

demokratisch  demokratisch 

demokratisk 

demokratisk 

demokratitcheski 

Damon 

demon 

Daemon 

demon 

demon 

damonisch 

demonisch 

daemonisk 

demonisk 

demonitcheski 

Dentist 

tandmeester 

Dentist 

dentist 

dantist 

Department 

departement 

Departement 

departement 

departament 

Deputation 

deputatie 

Deputation 

deputation 

deputatzia 

Derwisch 

dervis 

Dervish 

dervisch 

dervish 

desertiren 

deserteeren 

desertere 

desertera 

dezertirovat' 

Deserteur 

deserteur 

Desertor 

desertor 

dezertir 

Despot 

despoot 

Despot 

despot 

despot 

despotisch 

despotisch 

despotisk 

despotisk 

despotitcheski 

Despotismus 

despotisme 

Despotisme 
67 

despotism 

despotizm 

English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Devil 

diable 

diablo 

diabo 

diav©lo 

Deviltry- 

diablerie 

diablura 

diabrura 

diav©leria 

Diabolic 

diabolique 

diabolic© 

diabolic© 

diabolic© 

Diadem 

diademe 

diadema 

diadema 

diadema 

Diagonal, adj. diagonal 

diagonal 

diagonal 

diag©nale 

Dialect 

dialecte 

dialecto 

dialecto 

dialett© 

Dialectic 

dialectique 

dialectic© 

dialectic© 

dialettic© 

Dialectician 

dialecticien 

dialectic© 

dialectic© 

dialettic© 

Dialogue 

dialogue 

dialog© 

dial©g© 

dialog© 

Diameter 

diametre 

diametr© 

diametr© 

diametr© 

Diametrical 

diametral 

diametral 

diametral 

diametrale 

Diamond 

diamant 

diamante 

diamante 

diamante 

Dictate 

dieter 

dictar 

dictar 

dettare 

Dictation 

dictee 

dictad© 

dictad© 

dettatura 

Dictator 

dictateur 

dictador 

dictad©r 

dittatore 

Dictatorial 

dictatorial 

dictatorio 

dictat©ri© 

dittatorio 

Didactic 

didactique 

didactic© 

didactic© 

didattico 

Diet 

diete 

dieta 

dieta 

dieta 

Dilemma 

dilemme 

dilema 

dilemma 

dilemma 

Diluvian 

diluvien 

diluvian© 

diluvian© 

diluvian© 

Diploma 

diplome 

dipl©ma 

dipl©ma 

diploma 

Diplomacy 

diplomatic 

dipl©matica 

diplomacia 

diplomazia 

Diplomat 

diplomate 

diplomatic© 

dipl©mata 

diplomatic© 

Diplomatic 

diplomatique 

diplomatic© 

dipl©matic© 

diplomatic© 

Direction 

direction 

direccion 

direcga© 

direzi©ne 

Director 

directeur 

direct©r 

direct©r 

direttore 

Directory- 

directoire 

directorio 

direct©ri© 

dirett©ri© 

Discipline 

discipline 

disciplina 

disciplina 

disciplina 

Discount 

decompte 

descuent© 

desc©nt© 

scont© 

Discount,  V. 

decompter 

descontar 

desc©ntar 

scon tare 

Disputant 

disputant 

disputador 

disputante 

disputatore 

Dispute 

dispute 

disputa 

disputa 

disputa 

Distance 

distance 

distancia 

distancia 

distanza 

Distich 

distique 

distic© 

distic© 

distic© 

Distil 

distiller 

destilar 

distillar 

distillare 

Distillation 

distillation 

destilaci©n 

distillagao 

distillazione 

Distiller 

distillateur 

destilad©r 

distillador 

distillat©re 

Divan 

divan 

divan 

divan 

divan© 

Dividend 

dividende 

dividend© 

dividend© 

dividend© 

68 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Teufel 

duivel 

Djsevel 

djefvul 

d'yavol 

Teufelei 

duivelarij 

Dj^cvelskab 

djefvulskap 

d'yavol'shtchina 

diabolisch 

diabolisch 

diabolsk 

diabolisk 

d'yavol'ski 

Diadem 

diadem 

Diadem 

diadem 

diadema 

Diagonal 

diagonaal 

Diagonal 

diagonal 

diagonal'nyi 

Dialekt 

dialekt 

Dialekt 

dialekt 

dialekt 

dialektisch 

dialektisch 

dialektisk 

dialektisk 

dialektitcheski 

Dialektiker 

dialekticus 

Dialektiker 

dialektiker 

dialektik 

Dialog 

dialoog 

Dialog 

dialog 

dialog 

Diameter 

diameter 

Diameter 

diameter 

diametr 

diametrisch 

diametraal 

diametrisk 

diametral 

diametral'nyi 

Diamant 

diamant 

Diamant 

diamant 

almaz 

diktiren 

dicteeren 

diktere 

diktera 

diktovat' 

Diktat 

dictaat 

Diktat 

dikterande 

diktovka 

Diktator 

dictator 

Diktator 

diktator 

diktator 

diktatorisch 

dictatoriaal 

diktatorisk 

diktatorisk 

diktatorski 

didaktisch 

didactisch 

didaktisk 

didaktisk 

didaktitcheski 

Diat 

dieet 

Diset 

diet 

dieta 

Dilemma 

dilemma 

Dilemma 

dilemma 

dilemma 

diluvianisch 

diluviaansch 

diluvial 

diluviansk 

dilyuvial'nyi 

Diplom 

diploma 

Diplom 

diplom 

diplom 

Diplomatic 

diplomatic 

Diplomat! 

diplomat! 

diplomatia 

Diplomat 

diplomaat 

Diplomat 

diplomat 

diplomat 

diplomatisch 

L  diplomatisch 

diplomatisk 

diplomatisk 

diplomatitcheski 

Direction 

dircctie 

Direktion 

direktion 

direktzia 

Director 

directcur 

Direktor 

direktor 

direktor 

Directorium 

directorium 

Direktorat 

direktorium 

direktoria 

Disciplin 

discipline 

Disciplin 

disciplin 

distziplina 

Disconto 

disconto 

Diskonto 

diskonto 

diskont 

discontiren 

disconteeren 

diskontere 

diskontera 

diskontirovat* 

Disputant 

disputant 

Disputator 

disputant 

disputant 

Disput 

dispuut 

Disput 

dispyt 

disput 

Distanz 

distantic 

Distance 

distans 

distantzia 

Distichon 

distichon 

Distikon 

distikon 

dvustishie 

destilliren 

distilleercn 

destillere 

destillera 

distilirovat' 

Destination 

distillatic 

Destination 

destination 

distilyatzia 

Destillateur 

distillateur 

Destillator 

destillator 

distilator 

Divan 

divan 

Divan 

divan 

divan 

Dividend 

dividend 

Dividende 

dividend 

dividend 

69 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Doctor 

docteur 

doctor 

doutor 

dottore 

Document 

document 

documento 

documento 

documento 

Dogma 

dogme 

dogma 

dogma 

dogma 

Dogmatic 

dogmatique 

dogmatic© 

dogmatico 

dogmatico 

Dollar 

dollar 

dolar 

dollar 

dollaro 

Domino 

domino 

domino 

domino 

domino 

Doric 

dorique 

dorico 

dorico 

dorico 

Dose 

dose 

dosis 

dose 

dose 

Double 

double 

doble 

duplo 

doppio 

Doubloon 

doublon 

doblon 

dobrao 

dobblone 

Dozen 

douzaine 

docena 

duzia 

dozzina 

Dragoman 

drogman 

dragoman 

dragomano 

dragomanno 

Dragon 

dragon 

dragon 

dragao 

dragone 

Dragoon 

dragon 

dragon 

dragao 

dragone 

Dram 

drachme 

dracma 

drachma 

dramma 

Drama 

drame 

drama 

drama 

dramma 

Dramatic 

dramatique 

dramatico 

dramatico 

drammatico 

Dromedary- 

dromadaire 

dromedario 

dromedario 

dromedario 

Drug 

drogue 

droga 

droga 

droga 

Druid 

druide 

druida 

druida 

druido 

Dryad 

dryade 

driada 

dryada 

driade 

Ducat 

ducat 

ducado 

ducado 

ducato 

Duel 

duel 

duelo 

duello 

duello 

Duelist 

duelliste 

duelista 

duellista 

duellista 

Duet 

duo 

duo 

dueto 

duetto 

Dynamic 

dynamique 

dinamico 

dynamico 

dinamico 

Dynasty 
E 

Ebony 

dynastie 

dinastia 

dynastia 

dinastia 

ebene 

ebano 

ebano 

ebano 

Eccentric 

excentrique 

excentrico 

excentrico 

eccentrico 

Eccentricity 

excentricite 

excentricidad 

excentricidadeeccentricita 

Echo 

echo 

eco 

echo 

eco 

Eclectic 

eclectique 

eclectico 

eclectico 

eclettico 

Ecliptic 

ecliptique 

ecliptica 

ecliptica 

eclittica 

Economical 

economique 

economico 

economico 

economico 

Economist 

economiste 

economista 

economista 

economista 

Economy 

economie 

economia 

economia 

economia 

Edict 

edit 

edicto 

edicto 

editto 

Egotism 

egoisme 

egoismo 

egoismo 

egoismo 

70 


German 

Dutch 

Danish - 
Norweirlan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Doctor 

doctor 

Doktor 

doktor 

doktor 

Dokument 

dokument 

Dokument 

dokument 

dokument 

Dogma 

dogma 

Dogme 

dogm 

dogmat 

dogmatisch 

dogmatisch 

dogmatisk 

dogmatisk 

dogmatitcheski 

Thaler 

dollar 

Daler 

dollar 

dollar 

Domino 

domino 

Domino 

domino 

domino 

dorisch 

dorisch 

dorisk 

dorisk 

doritcheski 

Dosis 

dosis 

Dosis 

dosis 

doza 

doppelt 

dubbel 

dobbelt 

dubbel 

dvoinoi 

Dublone 

dubloen 

Dublon 

dublon 

dublon 

Dutzend 

dozijn 

Dusin 

dussin 

dyuzhina 

Dragoman 

dragoman 

Dragoman 

drogman 

dragoman 

Drache 

draak 

Drage 

drake 

drakon 

Dragoner 

dragonder 

Dragon 

dragon 

dragun 

Drachme 

drachme 

Drakme 

drakma 

drakhma 

Drama 

drama 

Drama 

drama 

drama 

dramatisch 

dramatisch 

dramatisk 

dramatisk 

dramatitcheski 

Dromedar 

dromedaris 

Dromedar 

dromedar 

dromader 

Drogue 

droogerij 

Drogue 

drog 

dryan' 

Druide 

druide 

Druide 

druid 

druid 

Dryade 

dryade 

Dryade 

dryad 

driada 

Dnkaten 

dukaat 

Dukat 

dukat 

dukat 

Duell 

duel 

Duel 

duell 

duel' 

Duellant 

duellist 

Duellant 

duellant 

duelist 

Duett 

duet 

Duet 

duett 

duet 

dynamisch 

dynamisch 

dynamisk 

dynamisk 

dinamitcheski 

Dynastie 

E 
Ebenholz 

dynastie 

Dynasti 

dynasti 

dinastia 

ebbenhout 

Ibenholt 

ebenholts 

ebenovoie(derevo) 

excentrisch 

excentrisch 

excentrisk 

excentrisk 

ekstzentrik 

Excentricitat  excentriciteit 

Excentricitet 

excentricitet 

ekstzentritchnost' 

Echo 

echo 

Ekko 

eko 

ekho 

eklektisch 

eklektikus 

eklektisk 

eklektisk 

eklektitcheski 

Ekliptik 

ecliptica 

Ekliptik 

ekliptika 

ekliptika 

okonomisch 

economisch 

okonomisk 

ekonomisk 

ekonom  ilcheski 

Okonom 

econoom 

Okonom 

ekonom 

ekonomist 

Okonomie 

economic 

Okonomi 

ekonomi 

ekonomia 

Edict 

edict 

Edikt 

edikt 

edikt 

Egoismus 

egoismus 

Egoisme 

egoism 

egoizm 

71 


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Spanish 


Portuguese        Italian 


Egotist 
Elastic 
Elasticity 
Electric 
Electricity- 
Electrify 
Elegiac 
Elegy 
Element 
Elementary 
Elixir 
Elm 
Elysian 
Elysium 
Emancipate 
Emancipation 
Embalm 
Emblem 
Embryo 
Emigrant 
Emigrate 
Emigration 
Empiric 
Empiricism 


egoiste 

elastique 

elasticite 

electrique 

electricite 

electriser 

elegiaque 

elegie 

element 

elementaire 

elixir  • 

orme 

elyseen 

I'elysee 

emanciper 

emancipation 

embaumer 

embleme 

embryon 

emigrant 

emigrer 

emigration 

empirique 

empirisme 


Encyclopedia  encyclopedic 
Endemic          endemique 


Endive 

Energetic 

Energy 

Engineer 

English 

Enthusiasm 

Enthusiast 

Epic 

Epicure 

Epicurean 

Epidemic,  a. 


endive 

energique 

energie 

ingenieur 

anglais 

enthousiasme 

enthousiaste 

epique 

epicurien 

d'epicurien 

cpidemique 


Epidemic,  n.  epidemic 
Epigram  epigramme 


egoista 

elastico 

elasticidad 

electrico 

electricidad 

electrizar 

elegiaco 

elegia 

elemento 

elemental 

elixir 

olmo 

eliseo 

eliseo 

emancipar 

emancipacion 

embalsamar 

emblema 

embrion 

emigrado 

emigrar 

emigracion 

empirico 

empirismo 

enciclopedia 

endemico 

endibia 

energico 

energia 

ingeniero 

ingles 

entusiasmo 

entusiasta 

epico 

epicureo 

epicureo 

epidemico 

epidemia 

epigrama 


egoista 

elastico 

elasticidade 

electrico 

electricidade 

electrizar 

elegiaco 

elegia 

elemento 

elemental 

elixir 

olmo 

elyseo 

elysio 

emancipar 

emancipagao 

embalsamar 

emblema 

embryao 

emigrado 

emigrar 

emigragao 

empirico 

empirismo 

encyclopedia 

endemico 

endivia 

energico 

energia 

engenhiero 

inglez 

enthusiasmo 

enthusiasta 

epico 

epicureo 

epicureo 

epidemico 

epidemia 

epigramma 


egoista 

elastico 

elasticita 

elettrico 

elettricita 

elettrizzare 

elegiaco 

elegia 

elemento 

elementare 

elisire 

olmo 

elisio 

elisio 

emancipare 

emancipazione 

imbalsamare 

emblema 

embrione 

emigrante 

emigrare 

emigrazione 

empirico 

empirismo 

enciclopedia 

endemico 

endivia 

energico 

energia 

ingegnere 

inglese 

entusiasmo 

entusiaste 

epico 

epicureo 

epicureo 

epidemico 

epidemia 

epigramma 


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German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweeian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Egoist 

egoist 

Egoist 

egoist 

egoist 

elastisch 

elastiek 

elastisk 

elastisk 

elastitcheski 

Elasticitat 

elasticiteit 

Elasticitet 

elasticitet 

elastitchnost' 

elektrisch 

electriek 

elektrisk 

elektrisk 

elektritcheski 

Elektricitat 

electriciteit 

Elektricitet 

elektricitet 

elektritchestvo 

elektrisiren 

elektriseeren 

elektrisere 

elektriscra 

elektrizovat' 

elegisch 

elegisch 

elegisk 

elegisk 

elegitchcski 

Elegie 

elegie 

Elegi 

elegi 

elegia 

Element 

element 

Element 

element 

element 

elementarisch  elementair 

elementaer 

elementar 

elementarnyi 

Elixir 

elixir 

Elixir 

elixir 

eliksir 

Ulme 

olm 

^Im 

aim 

ilem 

elysisch 

elyzeesch 

elysisk 

elyseisk 

yeliseiski 

Elysium 

elysium 

Elysium 

elyseen 

elizium 

emancipiren 

emancipeeren 

emancipere 

emancipera 

emantzipirovat' 

Emancipation 

emancipatie 

Emancipation 

emancipation  emantzipatzia 

einbalsamiren 

inbalsemen 

balsamere 

balsamera 

bal'zamirovat' 

Emblem 

embleem 

Emblem 

emblem 

emblema 

Embryo 

embryo 

Embryo 

embryo 

embrion 

Emigrant 

emigrant 

Emigrant 

emigrant 

emigrant 

emigriren 

emigreeren 

emigrere 

emigrera 

emigrirovat' 

Emigration 

emigratie 

Emigration 

emigration 

emigratzia 

empirisch 

empirisch 

empirisk 

empirisk 

empirik 

Empirie 

empirie 

Empiri 

empirism 

empirizm 

Ency  clopadie  encyclopedic 

Encyclopsedi 

encyklopedi 

entziklopedia 

endemisch 

endemisch 

endemisk 

endemisk 

endemitcheski 

Endivie 

endijvie 

Endivie 

endivia 

endivi 

energisch 

energisch 

energisk 

energisk 

energitchnyi 

Energie 

energie 

Energi 

energi 

energia 

Ingenieur 

ingenieur 

Ingenior 

ingenior 

inzhener 

englisch 

engelsch 

engelsk 

engelsk 

angliski 

Enthusiasmus 

enthusiasmus 

Enthusiasme 

cntusiasm 

entuziazm 

Enthiisiast 

enthusiast 

Enthusiast 

entusiast 

entuziast 

episch 

episch 

episk 

episk 

epitcheski 

Epicuraer 

epikurist 

Epikuraeer 

epikure 

epikureetz 

epicuraisch 

epikurisch 

epikuraeisk 

epikureisk 

epikureiski 

epidemisch 

epidemisch 

epidemisk 

epidemisk 

epidemitcheski 

Epidemic 

epidemic 

Epidemi 

epidemi 

epidemia 

Epigramm 

epigram 

Epigram 

epigram 

epigramma 

73 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Epilepsy- 

epilepsie 

epilepsia 

epilepsia 

epilessia 

Epileptic,  a. 

epileptique 

epileptico 

epileptico 

epilettico 

Epilogue 

epilogue 

epilogo 

epilogo 

epilogo 

Episcopacy- 

episcopat 

episcopado 

episcopado 

episcopato 

Episcopal 

episcopal 

episcopal 

episcopal 

episcopale 

Episode 

episode 

episodio 

episodio 

episodio 

Epistle 

epitre 

epistola 

epistola 

epistola 

Epitaph 

epitaphe 

epitafio 

epitaphio 

epitaffio 

Epithet 

epithete 

epiteto 

epitheto 

epiteto 

Epoch 

epoque 

epoca 

epoca 

epoca 

Equator 

equateur 

ecuador 

equador 

equatore 

Era 

ere 

era 

era 

era 

Esplanade 

esplanade 

explanada 

explanada 

spianata 

Essence 

essence 

esencia 

essencia 

essenza 

Ether 

ether 

eter 

ether 

etere 

Ethereal 

^there 

etereo 

ethereo 

etereo 

Ethical 

ethique 

etico 

ethico 

etico 

Ethics 

ethique 

etica 

ethica 

etica 

Etymologist 

etymologiste 

etimologista 

etymologista 

etimologista 

Etymology- 

etymologic 

etimologia 

etymologia 

etimologia 

European,  a. 

europeen 

europeo 

europeo 

europeo 

Evangel 

evangile 

evangelio 

evangelho 

evangelo 

Evangelical 

evangelique 

evangelico 

evangelico 

evangelico 

Evangelist 

evangeliste 

evangelista 

evangelista 

evangelista 

Evolution 

evolution 

evolucion 

evolugao 

evoluzione 

Examination  examen 

examinacion 

examinagao 

esame 

Examine,  v. 

examiner 

examinar 

examinar 

esaminare 

Examiner 

examinateur 

examinador 

examinador 

esaminatore 

Excursion 

excursion 

excursion 

excursao 

escursione 

Execution 

execution 

ejecucion 

execu9ao 

esecuzione 

Executor 

executeur 

ej  ecu  tor 

executor 

esecutore 

Exercise,  n. 

exercice 

ejercicio 

exercicio 

esercizio 

Exercise,  v. 

exercer 

ejercitar 

exercitar 

esercitare 

Exponent 

exposant 

exponente 

exponente 

esponente 

Extra 

extra 

extra 

extra 

extra 

Extract 
F 
Fabric 

extrait 

extracto 

extracto 

estratto 

fabrique 

fabrica 

fabrica 

fabbrica 

Facade 

facade 

fachada 

fachada 

facciata 

74 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Epilepsia 

epilepsie 

Epilepsi 

epilepsi 

epilepsia 

epileptisch 

epileptisch 

epileptisk 

epileptisk 

epileptitcheski 

Epilog 

epiloog 

Epilog 

epilog 

epilog 

Episcopat 

episkopaat 

Episkopat 

episkopat 

yepiskopstvo 

episkopal 

episkopaal 

episkopal 

episkopal 

yepiskopski 

Episode 

episode 

Episode 

episod 

epizod 

Epistel 

epistel 

Epistel 

epistel 

pis' mo 

Epitaph 

epitaaf 

Epitaf 

epitaf 

epitafia 

Epithet 

epitheet 

Epitet 

epitet 

epitet 

Epoche 

epoque 

Epoke 

epok 

epokha 

Aquator 

equator 

^kvator 

eqvator 

ekvator 

iira 

eeuw 

^ra 

era 

era 

Esplanade 

esplanade 

Esplanade 

esplanad 

esplanada 

Essenz 

essence 

Essens 

essens 

essentzia 

Xther 

aether 

^ter 

eter 

efir. 

atherisch 

setherisch 

seterisk 

eterisk 

efirnyi 

ethisch 

ethisch 

etisk 

etisk 

etitcheski 

Ethik 

ethiek 

Etik 

etik 

etika 

Etymolog 

etymoloog 

Etymolog 

etymolog 

etimolog 

Etymologie 

etymologie 

Etymologi 

etymologi 

etimologia 

eiiropaisch 

europeesch 

europseisk 

europeisk 

yevropeiski 

Evangelium 

evangelic 

Evangelium 

evangelium 

yevangelie 

evangelisch 

evangelisch 

evangelisk 

evangelisk 

yevangel'ski 

Evangelist 

evangelist 

Evangelist 

evangelist 

yevangelist 

Evolution 

evolutie 

Evolution 

evolution 

evolyutzia 

Examination  examen 

Examen 

examination 

ekzamen 

examiniren 

examineeren 

examinere 

examinera 

ekzamenovat' 

Examinator 

examinator 

Examinator 

examinator 

ekzamenator 

Excursion 

excursie 

Exkursion 

exkursion 

ekskursia 

Execution 

executie 

Exekution 

exekution 

ekzekutzia 

Executor 

executeur 

Exekutor 

exekutor 

ekzekutor 

Exercitium 

exercitie 

Exercis 

exercis 

ekzertzitzia 

exerciren 

exerceeren 

exercere 

exercera 

ekzertzirovat'sya 

Exponent 

exponent 

Exponent 

exponent 

eksponent 

extra 

extra 

extra 

extra 

ekstrennoie 

Extrakt 
F 

Fabrik 

extract 

Extrakt 

extrakt 

ekstrakt 

fabriek 

Fabrikat 

fabrikat 

fabrika 

Facade 

fagade 

Facade 

fasad 

fasad 

75 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Factor 

facteur 

factor 

feitor 

fattore 

Factory 

factorie 

factoria 

feitoria 

fattoria 

Faculty- 

faculte 

facultad 

faculdade 

facolta 

False 

faux 

falso 

falso 

falso 

Familiar 

familier 

familiar 

familiar 

famigliare 

Family- 

famille 

familia 

familia 

famiglia 

Fanatic,  n. 

fanatique 

fanatico 

fanatico 

fanatico 

Fanatical 

fanatique 

fanatico 

fanatico 

fanatico 

Fanaticism 

fanatisme 

fanatismo 

fanatismo 

fanatismo 

Fantastic 

fantastique 

fantastico 

fantastico 

fantastico 

Fantasy 

fantaisie 

fantasia 

fantasia 

fantasia 

Farce 

farce 

farsa 

far^a 

farsa 

Fatal 

fatal 

fatal 

fatal 

fatale 

Fatalism 

fatalisme 

fatalismo 

fatalismo 

fatalismo 

Fatalist 

fataliste 

fatalista 

fatalista 

fatalista 

Faun 

faune 

fauno 

fauno 

fauno 

February 

fevrier 

Febrero 

Fevereiro 

febbrajo 

Federal 

federal 

federal 

federal 

federale 

Federation 

federation 

confederacion 

federagao 

federazione 

Festival 

festival 

fiesta 

festival 

festa 

Feudal 

feodal 

feudal 

feudal 

feudale 

Fiber 

fibre 

fibra 

fibra 

fibra 

Fig 

figue 

higo 

figo 

fico 

Figure 

figure 

figura 

figura 

figura 

Flame 

flamme 

llama 

flamma 

fiamma 

Flank 

flanc 

flanco 

flanco 

fianco 

Flannel 

flanelle 

franela 

flanella 

flanella 

Flask 

flasque 

frasco 

frasco 

fiasco 

Flemish 

flamand 

flamengo 

flamengo 

fiammingo 

Flora 

flore 

flora 

flora 

flora 

Flute 

Mte 

flauta 

flauta 

flauto 

Focus 

foyer 

foco 

foco 

fuoco 

Folio 

folio 

folio 

folio 

foglio 

Force,  v. 

forcer 

forzar 

formar 

forzare 

Form,  n. 

forme 

forma 

forma 

forma 

Form,  V. 

former 

formar 

formar 

form  a  re 

Formal 

formel 

formal 

formal 

form  ale 

Formality 

formality 

formalidad 

formalidade 

formality 

Formation 

formation 

formacion 

forma^ao 

formazione 

76 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweelan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Faktor 

factor 

Faktor 

faktor 

faktor 

Faktorei 

factorij 

Faktori 

faktori 

faktoria 

Fakultat 

fakulteit 

Fakultet 

fakultet 

fakul'tet 

falsch 

valsch 

falsk 

falsk 

fal'shivyi 

familiar 

familiaar 

familiaer 

familiar 

famiryarnyi 

Familie 

familie 

Familie 

familj 

familia 

Fanatiker 

fanatiek 

Fanatiker 

fanatiker 

fanatik 

fanatisch 

fanatiek 

fanatisk 

fanatisk 

fanatitcheski 

Fanatismus 

fanatismus 

Fanatisme 

fanatism 

fanatizm 

fantastisch 

fantastisch 

fantastisk 

fantastisk 

fantastitcheski 

Fantasie 

fantazie 

Fantasi 

fantasi 

fantazia 

Farce 

farce 

Farce 

fars 

fars 

fatal 

fataal 

fatal 

fatal 

fatal' nyi 

Fatalismus 

fatalismus 

Fatalisme 

fatalism 

fatalizm 

Fatalist 

fatalist 

Fatalist 

fatalist 

fatalist 

Faun 

faun 

Faun 

faun 

favn 

Februar 

Februari 

Februar 

februari 

Fevral' 

federal 

federaal 

federal 

federal 

federal' nyi 

Federation 

federatie 

Federation 

federation 

federatzia 

Fest 

feest 

Fest 

fest 

festival' 

feudal 

feudaal 

feudal 

feodal 

feodal' nyi 

Fiber 

fibrine 

Fiber 

fiber 

fibra 

Feige 

vijg 

Figen 

fikon 

figa 

Figur 

figuur 

Figur 

figur 

figura 

Flamme 

vlam 

Flamme 

flamma 

plamya 

Flanke 

flank 

Flanke 

flank 

flang 

Flanell 

flanel 

Flanel 

flanell 

flanel' 

Flasche 

flesch 

Flaske 

flaska 

flyazhka 

flamisch 

vlaamsch 

fiamsk 

flemisk 

flamandski 

Flora 

flora 

Flora 

flora 

flora 

Flote 

fluit 

Floite 

flojt 

fleita 

Fokus 

focus 

Fokus 

fokus 

fokus 

Folio 

folio 

Folio 

folio 

foliant 

forciren 

forceeren 

forcere 

forcera 

forsirovat' 

Form 

vorm 

Form 

form 

forma 

formen 

vormen 

forme 

forma 

formirovat' 

formell 

formed 

formel 

formel 

formal' nyi 

Formalitat 

formaliteit 

Formalitet 

formalitet 

formal' nest' 

Formation 

formatie 

Formation 

formation 

formatzia 

77 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

» 

Italian 

Formula 

formule 

formula 

formula 

formola 

Formulate 

formuler 

formular 

formular 

formolare 

Forum 

forum 

foro 

foro 

foro 

Fountain 

fontaine 

fuente 

fonte 

fontana 

France 

France 

Francia 

Franga 

Francia 

French 

frangais 

frances 

francez 

francese 

Fricassee 

fricassee 

fricase 

fricasse 

fricassea 

Frigate 

fregate 

fragata 

fragata 

fregata 

Front 

front 

Irente 

fronte 

fronte 

Fruit 

fruit 

fruto 

fruto 

frutto 

Function 

fonction 

funcion 

funcgao 

funzione 

Fund 

fonds 

fondo 

fundo 

fondo 

Fundament 

fondement 

fundamento 

fundamento 

fondamento 

Fundamental  fondamental 

fundamental 

fundamental 

fondamentale 

Fury 

furie 

furia 

furia 

furia 

G 

Gallery 

galerie 

galeria 

galeria 

galleria 

Galley 

galere 

galera 

gale 

galera 

Gallican 

gallican 

galicano 

gallicano 

gallicano 

Gallop 

galop 

galope 

galope 

galoppo 

Gallop,  V. 

galoper 

galopar 

galopar 

galoppare 

Galvanic 

galvanique 

galvanico 

galvanico 

galvanico 

Galvanism 

galvanisme 

galvanismo 

galvanismo 

galvanismo 

Galvanize 

galvaniser 

galvanizar 

galvanizar 

galvanizzare 

Gangrene 

gangrene 

gangrena 

gangrena 

cancrena 

Garnet 

grenat 

gran ate 

granate 

granato 

Garrison 

garnison 

guarnicion 

guarnigao 

guarnigione 

Gas 

gaz 

gas 

gaz 

gas 

Gasometer 

gazometre 

gasometro 

gazometre 

gasometro 

Gastric 

gastrique 

gastrico 

gastrico 

gastrico 

Gauze 

gaze 

gasa 

gaza 

garza 

Gazelle 

gazelle 

gazela 

gazella 

gazzella 

Genealogy 

genealogie 

genealogia 

genealogia 

genealogia 

General,  a. 

general 

general 

geral 

generale 

Generality 

g^n^ralite 

generalidad 

generalidade 

generality 

Genius 

genie 

genio 

genio 

genio 

Geographical  geographique 

-  geografico 

7« 

geographico 

geografico 

German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweeian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Formel 

formule 

Formel 

formel 

formula 

formuliren 

formuleeren 

formulere 

formulera 

formulirovat' 

Forum 

forum 

Forum 

forum 

forum 

Fontane 

fontein 

Fontaene 

fontan 

fontan 

Frankreich 

Frankrijk 

Frankrig 

Frankrike 

Frantzia 

franzosisch 

fransch 

frank 

fransk 

frantzuzski 

Fricassee 

fricassee 

Frikasse 

frikasse 

frikasse 

Fregatte 

fregat 

Fregat 

fregatt 

fregat 

Fronte 

front 

Front 

front 

front 

Frucht 

vrucht 

Frugt 

frukt 

frukt 

Funktion 

functie 

Funktion 

funktion 

funktzia 

Fond 

fondo 

Fond 

fond 

fond 

Fundament 

fondament 

Fundament 

fundament 

fundament 

fundamental  fondamenteel 

fundamental 

fundamental 

fundamental'nyi 

Furie 

furie 

Furie 

furie 

furia 

G 

Gallerie 

galerij 

Galleri 

galleri 

gaiereya 

Galeere 

galei 

Galei 

galer 

galera 

gallikanisch 

gallisch 

gallikansk 

gallikansk 

gallikanski 

Galopp 

galop 

Galop 

galopp 

galop 

galoppiren 

galoppeeren 

galopere 

galoppera 

galopirovat' 

galvanisch 

galvanisch 

galvanisk 

galvanisk 

gal'vanitcheski 

Galvanismus  galvanismus 

Galvanisme 

galvanism 

gal'vanizm 

galvanisiren 

galvaniseeren 

galvanisere 

galvanisera 

gal'vanizirovat' 

Gangrane 

kanker 

Gangraene 

gangren 

gangrena 

Granat 

granaat 

Granat 

granat 

granat 

Garnison 

garnizoen 

Garnison 

garnison 

garrizon 

Gas 

gas 

Gas 

gas 

gaz 

Gasometer 

gasmeter 

Gasometer 

gasometer 

gazometr 

gastrich 

gastrisch 

gastrisk 

gastrisk 

gastritcheski 

Gaze 

gaas 

Gaze 

gas 

gaz 

Gazelle 

gazelle 

Gazelle 

gazell 

gazel' 

Genealogie 

genealogie 

Genealogi 

genealogi 

genealogia 

general 

generaal 

general 

general 

general 

Generalitat 

generaliteit 

Generalitet 

generalitet 

generalitet 

Genie 

genie 

Geni 

genius 

geni 

geographiscii 

L  geographisch 

geografisk 

geografisk 

geografitcheski 

79 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Geography 

geographic 

geografia 

geographia 

geografia 

Geology 

geologic 

geologia 

geologia 

geologia 

Geometrical 

geometrique 

geometrico 

geometrico 

geometrico 

Geometry 

geometric 

geometria 

geometria 

geometria 

Geranium 

geranium 

geranio 

geranio 

geranio 

Gerund 

gerondif 

gerundio 

gerundio 

gerundio 

Giraffe 

girafe 

girafa 

girafa 

giraffa 

Gladiator 

gladiateur 

gladiator 

gladiador 

gladiatore 

Globe 

globe 

globo 

globo 

globo 

Gondola 

gondole 

gondola 

gondola 

gondola 

Gondolier 

gondolier 

gondolero 

gondoleiro 

gondoliere 

Goose 

oie 

ganso 

ganso 

oca 

Gothic 

gothique 

gotico 

gothico 

gotico 

Governess 

gouvernante 

gobernadora 

governadora 

governatrice 

Governor 

gouverneur 

gobernador 

governador 

governatore 

Gradation 

gradation 

graduacion 

grada^ao 

gradazione 

Grade 

grade 

grado 

grao 

grado 

Grain(meas. 

)  grain 

grano 

grao 

grano 

Grammar 

grammaire 

gramatica 

grammatica 

grammatica 

Grammariar 

I  grammairien 

gramatico 

grammatico 

grammatico 

Grammatical  grammatical 

gramatical 

grammatical 

grammaticale 

Granite 

granit 

granito 

granito 

granito 

Grecian 

grec 

griego 

grego 

greco 

Greek,  n. 

Grec 

Griego 

Grego 

Greco 

Grenade 

grenade 

granada 

granada 

granata 

Grenadier 

grenadier 

granadero 

granadeiro 

granatiere 

Grotesque 

grotesque 

grotesco 

grotesco 

grottesco 

Guaranty 

garantie 

garantia 

garantia 

garanzia 

Guarantee,  V 

.  garantir 

garantir 

garantir 

guarentire 

Guillotine 

guillotine 

guillotina 

guilhotina 

ghigliottina 

Guinea,  coin  guinee 

guinea 

guinea 

ghinea 

Guitar 

guitare 

guitarra 

guitarra 

chitarra 

Gum 

gomme 

goma 

gomma 

gomma 

Gymnasium 

gymnase 

gimnasio 

gymnasio 

ginnasio 

Gymnastics 

gymnastique 

gimnastica 

gymnastica 

ginnastica 

Gypsum 

H 
Hammock 

gypse 

yeso 

gypso 

gesso 

hamac 

hamaca 

maca 

amaca 

Harlequin 

arlequin 

arlequin 
80 

arlequim 

arlecchino 

German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
NorweKian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Geographic 

geographic 

Geografi 

geografi 

geografia 

Geologic 

geologic 

Geologi 

geologi 

geologia 

geometrisch 

geometrisch 

geomctrisk 

geometrisk 

geometritcheski 

Geometric 

geometric 

Geomctri 

geomctri 

geometria 

Geranium 

geranium 

Geranium 

geranium 

geran' 

Gerundium 

gerundium 

Gerundium 

gerundium 

gerundi 

Giraffe 

giraffe 

Giraf 

giraff 

zhiraf 

Gladiator 

gladiator 

Gladiator 

gladiator 

gladiator 

Globus 

globe 

Globus 

glob 

globus 

Gondel 

gondel 

Gondol 

gondol 

gondola 

Gondolier 

gondolier 

Gondoliere 

gondolier 

gondol' yer 

Gans 

gans 

Gaas 

gas 

gus' 

gothisch 

gothisch 

gothisk 

gotisk 

gotitcheski 

Gouvernante 

:  gouvcrnante 

Guvernantc 

guvernant 

guvernantka 

Gouverneur 

gouverneur 

Guvernor 

guvernor 

guvernyor 

Gradation 

gradatie 

Gradation 

gradation 

gradatzia 

Grad 

graad 

Grad 

grad 

gradus 

Gran 

graan 

Gran 

gran 

gran 

Grammatik 

grammatica 

Grammatik 

grammatik 

grammatika 

Grammatikergrammaticus 

Grammatiker 

grammatiker 

grammatik 

grammatisch  grammaticaal  grammatikalskgrammatisk 

grammatitcheski 

Granit 

granit 

Granit 

granit 

granit 

gricchisch 

grieksch 

grsesk 

grekisk 

gretcheski 

Grieche 

Griek 

Graeker 

Grek 

Grek 

Granate 

granaat 

Granat 

granat 

granata 

Grenadier 

grenadier 

Grenader 

granador 

grenader 

grotesk 

grotesk 

grotesk 

grotesk 

groteskovyi 

Garantie 

garantie 

Garanti 

garanti 

garantia 

garantiren 

garantccren 

garantere 

garantera 

garantirovat* 

Guillotine 

guillotine 

Guillotine 

guillotine 

gil'otina 

Guince 

guinje 

Guinea 

guinea 

gineya 

Guitarre 

guitar 

Guitar 

guitarr 

gitara 

Gummi 

gom 

Gummi 

gummi 

gummi 

Gymnasium 

gymnasium 

Gymnasium 

gymnasium 

gimnazia 

Gymnastik 

gymnastiek 

Gymnastik 

gymnastik 

gimnastika 

Gips 

H 

Hangematte 

gips 

Gips 

gips 

gips 

hangmat 

Haengekojc 

hangmatta 

gamak 

Harlekin 

harlekijn 

Harlekin 

harlekin 

arlckin 

8i 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Harmonic 

harmonique 

armonico 

harmonico 

armonico 

Harmony 

harmonic 

armonia 

harmonia 

armonia 

Harp 

harpe 

arpa 

arpa 

arpa 

Harpoon 

harpon 

arpon 

arpao 

arpagone 

Hej  ira 

hegire 

egira 

hegira 

egira 

Helmet 

heaume 

yelmo 

elmete 

elmetto 

Heptarchy- 

heptarchie 

heptarquia 

heptarchia 

eptarchia 

Herald 

heraut 

heraldo 

arauto 

araldo 

Heresy 

heresie 

herejia 

heresia 

eresia 

Heretic 

heretique 

hereje 

heretico 

eretico 

Heretical 

heretique 

heretico 

heretico 

ereticale 

Hermetic 

hermetique 

hermetico 

hermetico 

ermetico 

Hero 

heros 

heroe 

heroe 

eroe 

Heroic 

heroique 

heroic© 

heroico 

eroico 

Hierarchical 

hierarchique 

gerarquico 

hierarchico 

gerarchico 

Hierarchy 

hierarchic 

gerarquia 

hierarchia 

gerarchia 

Historian 

historien 

historiador 

historiador 

istorico 

Historic 

historique 

historico 

historico 

istorico 

History 

histoire 

historia 

historia 

istoria 

Holland 

Hollande 

Holanda 

Hollanda 

Olanda 

Hollander 

Hollandais 

Holandes 

Hollandez 

Olandese 

Horizon 

horizon 

horizonte 

horizonte 

orizzonte 

Horizontal 

horizontal 

horizontal 

horizontal 

orizzontale 

Horoscope 

horoscope 

horoscopo 

horoscopo 

oroscopo 

Hosanna 

hosanna 

hosana 

hosanna 

osanna 

Hospital 

h&pital 

hospital 

hospital 

ospedale 

Hotel 

h6tel 

hotel 

hotel 

osteria 

Humor 

humeur 

humor 

humor 

umore 

Hurricane 

ouragan 

huracan 

furacao 

uracano 

Hyacinth 

hyacinthe 

Jacinto 

Jacinto 

giacinto 

Hydra 

hydre 

hidra 

hydra 

idra 

Hydraulic 

hydraulique 

hidraulico 

hydraulico 

idraulico 

Hyena 

hyene 

hiena 

hyena 

iena 

Hymen 

hymen 

himeneo 

hymen 

imeneo 

Hymn 

hymne 

himno 

himno 

inno 

Hyperbole 

hyperbole 

hiperbole- 

hyperbole 

iperbole 

Hypotenuse 

hypothenuse 

hipotenusa 

hypothenusa 

ipotenusa 

Hypothesis 

hypothese 

hipotesis 

hypothese 

ipotesi 

Hypothetical  hypothetique 

hipotetico 

hypothetic© 

ipotetico 

82 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

harmonisch 

harmonisch 

harmonisk 

harmonisk 

garmonitcheski 

Harmonie 

harmonie 

Harmoni 

harmoni 

garmonia 

Harfe 

harp 

Harpc 

harpa 

arfa 

Harpune 

harpoen 

Harpun 

harpun 

garpun 

Hegira 

hedsjra 

Hegira 

hegira 

egira 

Helm 

helm 

Hjelm 

hjelm 

shlem 

Heptarchie 

heptarchie 

Heptarchi 

heptarki 

geptarkhia 

Herold 

heraut 

Herold 

harold 

gerol'd 

Haresie 

ketterij 

Haeresi 

heresi 

yeres' 

Ketzer 

ketter 

Kjaetter 

kattare 

yeretik 

ketzerisch 

kettersch 

kjsettersk 

kattersk 

yeretitcheski 

hermetisch 

hermetisch 

hermetisk 

hermetisk 

germetitcheski' 

Held 

held 

Hclt 

hjelte 

geroi 

heroisch 

heroik 

heroisk 

heroisk 

geroiski 

hierarchisch 

hierarchaal 

hierarkisk 

hierarkisk 

yerarkhitcheski 

Hierarchie 

hierarchie 

Hierarki 

hierarki 

yerarkhia 

Historiker 

historicus 

Historiker 

historiker 

istorik 

historisch 

historisch 

historisk 

historisk 

istoritcheski 

Historic 

historic 

Historic 

historia 

istoria 

Holland 

Holland 

Holland 

Holland 

Gollandia 

Hollander 

Hollander 

Hollsender 

Hollandare 

Gollandetz 

Horizont 

horizont 

Horisont 

horisont 

gorizont 

horizontal 

horizontaal 

horisontal 

horisontal 

gorizontal'nyi 

Horoskop 

horoscoop 

Horoskop 

horoskop 

goroskop 

Hosianna 

hosanna 

Hosianna 

hosianna 

osanna 

Hospital 

hospitaal 

Hospital 

hospital,  spl. 

gospital' 

Hotel 

hotel 

Hotel 

hotell 

otel' 

Humor 

humor 

Humor 

humor 

yumor 

Orkan 

orkaan 

Orkan 

orkan 

uragan 

Hyacinthe 

hyacint 

Hyacint 

hyacint 

giatzint 

Hydra 

hydra 

Hydra 

hydra 

gidra 

hydraulisch 

hydraulisch 

hydraulisk 

hydraulisk 

gidravlitcheski 

Hyane 

hyena 

Hyaene 

hyena 

giena 

Hymen 

hymen 

Hymen 

hymen 

Gimenei 

Hymne 

hymne 

Hymne 

hymn 

gimn 

Hyperbel 

hyperbool 

Hyperbol 

hyperbol 

giperbola 

Hy  pothenuse  hypotenuse 

Hypotenus 

hypotenusa 

gipotenuza 

Hypothese 

hypothese 

Hypothese 

hypotes 

gipoteza 

hypothetisch  hypothetisch 

hypothetisk 

hypotetisk 

gipotetitcheski 

83 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Hyssop 

hysope 

hisopo 

hysopo 

isopo 

Hysteria 

hysterie 

histerico 

hysteria 

isteria 

Hysterical 

I 
I 

hysterique 

histerico 

hysterico 

isterico 

je 

yo 

eu 

io 

Ibis 

ibis 

ibis 

ibis 

ibi 

Iconoclast 

iconoclaste 

iconoclasta 

iconoclasta 

iconoclasta 

Idea 

idee 

idea 

idea 

idea 

Ideal 

ideal 

ideal 

ideal 

ideale 

Idiom 

idiome 

idioma 

idioma 

idioma 

Idiot 

idiot 

idiota 

idiota 

idiota 

Idiotic 

idiot 

idiotico 

idiotico 

idiota 

Idol 

idole 

idolo 

idolo 

idolo 

Idyl 

idylle 

idilio 

idyllio 

idillio 

Illuminate 

illuminer 

iluminar 

illuminar 

illuminare 

Illumination  illumination 

iluminacion 

illuminacao 

illuminazione 

Illustrate 

illustrer 

ilustrar 

illustrar 

illustrare 

Illustration 

illustration 

ilustracion 

illustrajao 

illustrazione 

Imperial 

imperial 

imperial 

imperial 

imperiale 

Imperialist 

imperialiste 

imperiale 

imperae 

imperialista 

Improvise 

improviser 

improvisar 

improvisar 

improvvisare 

Incognito 

incognito 

incognito 

incognito 

incognito 

Indian,  a. 

indien 

indio 

indio 

indiano 

Individual, a 

..  individuel 

individual 

individual 

individuale 

Infantry 

infanterie 

infanteria 

infantaria 

fanteria 

Inquisition 

inquisition 

inquisicion 

inquisigao 

inquisizione 

Inspection 

inspection 

inspeccion 

inspec^ao 

ispezione 

Inspector 

inspecteur 

inspector 

inspector 

ispettore 

Instance 

instance 

instancia 

instancia 

istanza 

Instinct 

instinct 

instinto 

instincto 

istinto 

Institute 

institut 

instituto 

instituto 

instituto 

Institution 

institution 

institucion 

institui^ao 

instituzione 

Instruction 

instruction 

instruccion 

instruc^ao 

istruzione 

Instrument 

instrument 

instrumento 

instrumento 

istrumento 

Instrumental  instrumental 

instrumental 

instrumental 

istrumentale 

Insurgent 

insurge 

insurgente 

insurgente 

insorgente 

Interest 

iuteret 

i uteres 

interesse 

interesse 

84 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Ysop 

hyzop 

Isop 

isop 

issop 

hysterisch 

hysterisch 

hysterisk 

hysterisk 

isteritcheski 

Hysteric 

hysteric 

Hysteri 

hysteri 

isterika 

I 

ich 

ik 

jeg 

jag 

ya 

Ibis 

ibis 

Ibis 

ibis 

ibis 

Ikonoklast 

ikonoklast 

Ikonoklast 

ikonoklast 

ikonoboretz 

Idee 

idee 

Ide 

ide 

ideya 

idealisch 

ideaal 

idealsk 

idealisk 

ideal 

Idiom 

idioom 

Idiom 

idiom 

idiotizm 

Idiot 

idioot 

Idiot 

idiot 

idiot 

idiotenhaft 

idiotisch 

idiotisk 

idiotisk 

idiotski 

Idol 

idool 

Idol 

idol 

idol 

Idylle 

idylle 

Idyl 

idyll 

idillia 

illuminiren 

illumineeren 

illuminere 

illuminera 

illyuminovat' 

Illumination  illuminatie 

Illumination 

illumination 

illyuminatzia 

illustriren 

illustrceren 

illustrere 

illustrera 

illyustrirovat' 

Illustration 

illustratic 

Illustration 

illustration 

illyustratzia 

imperial 

impcriaal 

imperial 

imperial 

imperatorski 

Imperialist 

imperialist 

Imperialist 

imperialist 

imperialist 

improvisirec 

L  improviseeren 

improvisere 

improvisera 

improvizirovat' 

iukognito 

incognito 

inkognito 

inkognito 

inkognito 

indisch 

indisch 

indiansk 

indisk 

indyeiski 

individuell 

individucel 

individuel 

individuel 

individual'nyi 

Infanterie 

infanterie 

Infanteri 

infanteri 

infanteria 

Inquisition 

inquisitie 

Inkvisition 

inqvisition 

inkvizitzia 

Inspektion 

inspectie 

Inspektion 

inspektion 

inspektzia 

Inspektor 

inspekteur 

Inspektor 

inspektor 

inspektor 

Instanz 

instantie 

Instants 

instans 

instantzia 

Instinkt 

instinkt 

Instinkt 

instinkt 

instinkt 

Institut 

instituut 

Institut 

institut 

institut 

Institution 

institutie 

Institution 

institution 

institut 

Instruktion 

instruktie 

Instruktion 

instruktion 

instruktzia 

Instrument 

instrument 

Instrument 

instrument 

instrument 

instrumental 

[  iustrumentaal 

instrumental 

instrumental 

instrumentarnyj 

Insurgent 

insurgent 

Insurgent 

insurgent 

insurgent 

Interesse 

interest 

Interesse 

intresse 

interes 

85 


English 


French 


Spanish 


Portuguese        Italian 


Interest,  v. 
Interested 
Interesting 
Introduction 
Inventory 
Ireland 
Irish,  a. 
Ironic 
Irony- 
Italian,  n. 
Italian,  a. 


interesser 

interesse 

interessant 

introduction 

inventaire 

rirlande 

irlandais 

ironique 

ironie 

Italien 

italien 


interesar 

interesado 

interesante 

introduccion 

inventario 

Irlanda 

irlandes 

ironico 

ironia 

Italian© 

italiano 


interessar 

interessado 

interessante 

introducgao 

inventario 

Irlanda 

irlandez 

ironico 

ironia 

Italiano 

italiano 


interessare 

interessato 

interessante 

introduzione 

inventario 

Irlanda 

irlandese 

ironico 

ironia 

Italiano 

italiano 


Jacobin 

Jalap 

January 

Japan 

Jasmine 

Jasper 

Jehovah 

Jelly 

Jesuit 

Jew 

Jeweler 

Jewish 

Journal 

Jubilee 

Judaism 

Judicial 

July 

June 


jacobin 

jalap 

Janvier 

Japon 

jasmin 

jaspe 

Jehovah 

gelee 

jesuite 

juif 

joaillier 

judaique 

journal 

jubile 

judaisme 

judiciaire 

juillet 

juin 


Jupiter  Jupiter 

Juridical         juridique 
Jurisdiction    juridiction 
Jurisprudencej  ur  ispr  udence 
Jurist  juriste 

Justice  justice 


jacobino 

jalapa 

Enero 

Japon 

jazmin 

jaspe 

Jehova 

jalea 

jesuita 

Judio 

joyero 

judio 

jornal 

jubileo 

judaismo 

judicial 

Julio 

Junio 

Jupiter 

J 


juridico 
jurisdiccion 
jurisprudencia  j 
jurista 
justicia 


jacobino  giacobino 

jalapa  jalappa 

Janeiro  gennaio 

Japao  Giappone 

jasmim  gelsomino 

jaspe  diaspro 

Jehova  Jehova 

gelea  gelatina 

jesuita  gesuita 

Judeo  giudeo 

joialheiro  gioielliere 

judaico  giudaico 

jornal  giornale 

jubileo  giubbileo 

judaismo  giudaismo 

judicial  giudiziale 

Julho  luglio 

Junho  giugno 

Jupiter  Giove 

uridico  giuridico 

urisdic^ao  giurisdizione 
urisprudencia  giurisprudenza 

urista  giurista 

justiga  giustizia 


86 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

interessiren 

iuteresseeren 

iuteressere 

intressera 

interesovat'sya 

interessirt 

geinteresseerd  interesseret 

intresserad 

zainteresovannyi 

interessant 

interessant 

interessant 

intressant 

interesnyi 

Introduction 

I  introduktie 

Introduktion 

introduktion 

introduktzia 

Inventarium 

inventaris 

Inventarium 

inventarium 

inventar' 

Irland 

lerland 

Irland 

Irland 

Irlandia 

irlandisch 

iersch 

irsk 

irlandsk 

irlandski 

ironisch 

ironisch 

ironisk 

ironisk 

ironitcheski 

Ironie 

ironie 

Ironi 

ironi 

ironia 

Italianer 

Italiaan 

Italiener 

Italienare 

Ital'yanetz 

italienisch 

italiaansch 

italiensk 

italiensk 

ital'yanski 

J 

Jakobiner 

j  acobi  j  n 

Jakobiner 

jakobin 

yakobinetz 

Jalappe 

jalap 

Jalap 

jalappa 

yalappa 

Januar 

Januari 

Januar 

januari 

Yanvar' 

Japan 

Japan 

Japan 

Japan 

Yaponia 

Jasmin 

jasmijn 

Jasmin 

jasmin 

zhasmin 

Jaspis 

jaspis 

Jaspis 

jaspis 

yashma 

Jehovah 

Jehova 

Jehovah 

Jehovah 

Yegova 

Gelee 

gelei 

Gele 

gele 

zhele 

Jesuit 

jezuit 

Jesuit 

Jesuit 

yezuit 

Jude 

jood 

Jode 

jude 

zhid 

Juwelier 

juwelier 

Juveler 

juvelerare 

yuvelir 

jiidisch 

joodsch 

jodisk 

judisk 

zhidovski 

Journal 

journaal 

Journal 

jurnal 

zhurnal 

Jubilaum 

jubeleum 

Jubilaeum 

jubileum 

yubilei 

Judaismus 

judaismus 

Judaisme 

Judaism 

iudeistvo 

judicial 

judicieel 

judiciel 

judiciel 

sudeiski 

Juli 

Juli 

Juli 

juli 

lyul' 

Juni 

Juni 

Juni 

juni 

lyun' 

Jupiter 

Jupiter 

Jupiter 

Jupiter 

Yupiter 

juristisch 

juridisch 

juridisk 

juridisk 

yuriditcheski 

Jurisdiction 

jurisdictie 

Jurisdiktion 

jurisdiktion 

yurisdiktzia 

Jurisprudenz  jurisprudentie  Jurisprudens 

jurisprudens 

yurisprudentzia 

Jurist 

jurist 

Jurist 

jurist 

yurist 

Justiz 

justitie 

Justits 

justitie 

yustitzia 

87 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

K 

Kitchen 

cuisine 

cocina 

cozinha 

cucina 

Labj-rinth 

labyrinthe 

laberinto 

labyrintho 

laberinto 

Laconic 

laconique 

laconico 

laconico 

laconico 

Lagoon 

lagune 

laguna 

laguna 

laguna 

Lamp 

lampe 

lampara 

lampada 

lampada 

Lancet 

lancette 

lanceta 

lanceta 

lancetta 

Latin,  a. 

latin 

latino 

latino 

latino 

Laudanum 

laudanum 

laudano 

laudano 

laudano 

Lava 

lave 

lava 

lava 

lava 

Lecture 

lecture 

lectura 

leitura 

lettura 

Legate 

legat 

legado 

legado 

legato 

Legation 

legation 

legacion 

legacia 

legazione 

Legend 

legende 

legenda 

lenda 

leggenda 

Legion 

legion 

legion 

legiao 

legione 

Lemon 

limon 

limon 

limao 

limone 

Lemonade 

limonade 

limonada 

limonada 

limonata 

Leopard 

leopard 

leopardo 

leopardo 

leopardo 

Lethargy- 

lethargic 

letargo 

lethargia 

letargo 

Levant,  n. 

levant 

levante 

levante 

levante 

Leviathan 

leviathan 

leviatan 

leviathao 

leviatan 

Levite 

levite 

Levita 

Levita 

Levita 

Levitical 

levetique 

levitico 

levitico 

levitico 

Lexicography 

lexicographic 

lexicografia 

lexicographia  lessicografia 

Lexicon 

lexique 

lexicon 

lexicon 

lessico 

Liberal,  a. 

liberal 

liberal 

liberal 

liberale 

Liberality 

liberalite 

liberalidad 

liberalidade 

liberalita 

Lieutenant 

lieutenant 

lugarteniente 

tenente 

luogotenente 

Lily 

lis 

lirio 

lirio 

giglio 

Line 

ligne 

linea 

linha 

linea 

Lineal 

lineal 

lineal 

lineal 

lineale 

Lion 

lion 

leon 

leao 

leone 

List 

liste 

lista 

lista 

lista 

Litany 

litanie 

letania 

litania 

litania 

Literary 

litteraire 

literario 

litterario 

letterario 

Literature 

litterature 

literatura 

litteratura 

letteratura 

Lithograph,  v. 

lithographier 

litografiar 
88 

lithographar 

litografare 

German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

K 

Kiiche 

keuken 

Kjokken 

kok 

kukhnya 

Li 

Labyrinth 

labyrinth 

Labyrint 

labyrint 

labirint 

lakonisch 

lakoniek 

lakonisk 

lakonisk 

lakonitcheski 

Lagune 

lagune 

Lagune 

lagun 

laguna 

Lampe 

lamp 

Lampe 

lampa 

lampa 

Lanzette 

lancet 

Lancet 

lansett 

lantzet 

lateinisch 

latijnsch 

latinsk 

latinsk 

latinski 

Laudanum 

laudanum 

Laudanum 

laudanum 

laudan 

Lava 

lava 

Lava 

lava 

lava 

Lekture 

lektuur 

Lektyre 

lektyr,  spl. 

lektzia 

Legat 

legaat 

Legat 

legat 

legat 

Legation 

legatie 

Legation 

legation 

legatzia 

Legende 

legende 

Legende 

legend 

legenda 

Legion 

legioen 

Legion 

legion 

legion 

Linione 

limoen 

Lemon 

limon 

limon 

Litnonade 

limonade 

Lemonade 

limonad 

limonad 

Leopard 

luipaard 

Leopard 

leopard 

leopard 

Lethargic 

lethargie 

Letargi 

letargi 

letargia 

Levante 

levant 

Levant 

levanten 

Levant 

Leviathan 

leviathan 

Leviatan 

leviathan 

leviafan 

Levit 

Leviet 

Levit 

levit 

levit 

levitisch 

levietisch 

levitisk 

levitisk 

levitski 

Lexikographie 

lexicografie 

Lexikografi 

lexikografi 

leksikografia 

Lexikon 

lexicon 

Lexikon 

lexikon 

leksikon 

liberal 

liberaal 

liberal 

liberal 

liberal'nyi 

Liberalitat 

liberaliteit 

Liberalitet 

liberalitet 

liberal'nost' 

Lieutenant 

luitenant 

Loitnant 

loitnant 

leitenant 

Lilie 

lelie 

Lilje 

lilja 

lilia 

Linie 

linie 

Linje 

linie 

linia 

linear 

lineair 

linear 

linear 

lineinyi 

Lowe 

leeuw 

Love 

lejon 

lev 

Liste 

lijst 

Liste 

lista 

list 

Litanei 

litanij 

Litani 

litania 

litania 

literarisch 

geletterd 

literaer 

Hterar 

literaturnyi 

Literatur 

letteren 

Literatur 

literatur 

literatura 

lithographiren 

lithographeeren 

litografere 

litografera 

litografirovat' 

89 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Lithographer  li  thographe 

litografo 

lithographo 

lit©graf© 

Lithography  lithographic 

litografia 

lithographia 

lit©grafia 

Liturgy 

liturgie 

liturgia 

liturgia 

liturgia 

Livery 

livree 

librea 

librea 

livrea 

Logarithm 

logarithme 

logaritmo 

logarithm© 

l©garitm© 

Logic 

logique 

logica 

logica 

logica 

Logical 

logique 

logico 

logico 

logico 

Logician 

logicien 

logico 

logico 

logico 

Lord 

lord 

lord 

lord 

lord 

Lotus 

lotus 

loto 

loto 

loto 

Loyal 

loyal 

leal 

leal 

leale 

Loyalist 

loyaliste 

realista 

realista 

realista 

Loyalty 

loyaute 

lealtad 

lealdade 

lealta 

Lucifer 

Lucifer 

Lucifer 

Lucifer 

Lucifer© 

Lunar 

lunaire 

lunar 

lunar 

lunare 

Lute 

luth 

laud 

alaude 

Hut© 

Lutheran,  n. 

lutherien 

Luterano 

Lutheran© 

Luterano 

Lutheran,  a. 

lutherien 

luterano 

lutherano 

luterano 

Lyceum 

lycee 

liceo 

lyce© 

lice© 

Lymphatic 

lymphatique 

linfatico 

lymphatic© 

linfatic© 

Lyre 

lyre 

lira 

lyra 

lira 

Lyric 

lyrique 

lirico 

lyrico 

liric© 

Macaroni 

macaroni 

macarrones 

macarra© 

maccheroni 

Machine 

machine 

maquina 

machina 

macchina 

Machinery 

mecanisme 

maquinaria 

machinaria 

macchinazi©ne 

Machinist 

machiniste 

maquinista 

machinista 

macchinista 

Madeira 

Madere 

Madera 

Madeira 

Madera 

Madrigal 

madrigal 

madrigal 

madrigal 

madrigale 

Magazine 

magasin 

almacen 

almazem 

magazzin© 

Magian 

mage 

mago 

mag© 

mag© 

Magic,  n. 

magie 

magia 

magia 

magia 

Magical 

magique 

magico 

magico 

magic© 

Magistracy 

magistrature 

magistratura 

magistratura 

magistratura 

Magnate 

magnat 

magnate 

magnate 

magnate 

Magnesia 

magnesie 

magnesia 

magnesia 

magnesia 

Magnetic 

magnetique 

magnetico 

magnetico 

magnetico 

Magnetism 

magn^tisme 

magnetism© 

magnetism© 

magnetism© 

90 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Lithograph 

lithograaf 

Litograf 

litograf 

litograf 

Lithographic  lithografie 

Litografi 

litografi 

litografia 

Liturgie 

liturgie 

Liturgi 

liturgi 

liturgia 

Livree 

liverei 

Liberi 

livre 

livreya 

Logarithmus  logarithme 

Logaritme 

logaritm 

logarifm 

Logik 

logika 

Logik 

logik 

logika 

logisch 

logisch 

logisk 

logisk 

logitcheski 

Logiker 

logikus 

Logiker 

logiker 

logik 

Lord 

lord 

Lord 

lord 

lord 

Lotus 

lotus 

Lotus 

lotus 

lotos 

loyal 

loyaal 

loyal 

lojal 

loyal' nyi 

Loyalist 

loyalist 

Loyalist 

lojalist 

loyalist 

Loyalitat 

loyaliteit 

Loyalitet 

lojalitet 

loyal'nost' 

Lucifer 

Lucifer 

Lucifer 

Lucifer 

Lyutzifer 

lunarisch 

lunarisch 

lunar 

lunar 

lunnyi 

Laute 

luit 

Lut 

luta 

lyutnya 

Lutheraner 

Lutheraan 

Lutheraner 

lutheran 

lyuteranin 

lutherisch 

luthersch 

luthersk 

luthersk 

lyuteranski 

Lyceum 

lyceum 

Lyceum 

lyceum 

litzei 

limphatisch 

lymphatisch 

lymfatisk 

lymfatisk 

limfatitcheski 

Leier 

Her 

Lyre 

lyra 

lira 

lyrisch 
M 
Maccaroni 

lyrisch 

lyrisk 

lyrisk 

liritcheski 

macaroni 

Makaroni 

makaroni 

makarony 

Maschine 

machine 

Maskine 

maskin 

mashina 

Maschinerie 

machinerie 

Maskineri 

maskineri 

mashiny 

Maschinist 

machinist 

Maskinist 

maskinist 

mashinist 

Madeira 

Madera 

Madeira 

Madera 

Madera 

Madrigal 

madrigal 

Madrigal 

madrigal 

madrigal 

Magazin 

magazijn 

Magasin 

magasin 

magazin 

Magier 

magier 

Mager 

mager 

mag 

Magie 

magie 

Magi 

magi 

magia 

magisch 

magisch 

magisk 

magisk 

magitcheski 

Magistratur 

magistratuur 

Magistrat 

magistrat 

magistrat 

Magnat 

magnaat 

Magnat 

magnat 

magnat 

Magnesia 

magnesia 

Magnesia 

magnesia 

magnesia 

magnetisch 

magnetisch 

magnetisk 

magnetisk 

magnitnyi 

Magnetismus  magnetismus 

Magnetisme 

magnetism 

magnetizm 

91 


English 


French 


Spanish 


Portuguese        Italian 


Magnetize  magnetiser        magnetizar 

Maize  mai's  maiz 

Major  majeur  mayor 

Malachite  malachite  malaquites 

Mama.  maman  mama 

Mandarin  mandarin  mandarin 

Mandolin  mandoline         bandolin 

Mania  manie  mania 

Manichean  Manicheen        maniqueo 

Manifest,  n.  manifeste  manifiesto 

Manifestationmanifestation  manifestacion 

Manna  manne  mana 

Mantilla  mantille 

Mantle  manteau 

Manufacture  manufacture 

Manuscript  manuscrit 

Marble  marbre 

March,  mo.  mars 

March,  v.  marcher 

Marchioness  marquise 


Mark 
Mark,  v. 

Market 
Marquis 
Marshal 
Masculine 
Mask,  V. 


marque 

marquer 

marche 

marquis 

marechal 

masculin 

masquer 


Masquerade    mascarade 
Mass  (bulk)  masse 
Massive  massif 

Master  maitre 

Material,  a.  materiel 
Materialism  materialisme 
Materialist  materialiste 
Mathematicalmathematique  matematico 
Mathematician  mathematicien  matematico 
Mathematics  math^matiques  matematica 
Matron  matrone  matrona 

Matter  mati^re  materia 


mantilla 

manto 

manufactura 

manuscrito 

marmol 

Marzo 

marchar 

marquesa 

marca 

marcar 

mercado 

marques 

mariscal 

masculine 

enmascarar 

mascarada 

masa 

macizo 

maestro 

material 

materialismo 

materialista 


magnetisar 

maiz 

major 

malachite 

mai 

mandarim 

bandolim 

mania 

manicheo 

manifesto 

manifesta^ao 

mana 

mantilha 

manto 

manufactura 

manuscrito 

mar  more 

Margo 

marchar 

marqueza 

marca 

marcar 

mercado 

marquez 

marechal 

masculine 

mascarar 

mascarada 

massa 

massigo 

mestre 

material 

materialismo 

materialista 

mathematico 

mathematico 

mathematica 

matrona 

materia 


magnetizzare 

maiz 

maggiore 

malachite 

mamma 

mandarino 

mandolino 

mania 

manicheo 

manifesto 

manifestazione 

manna 

mantiglia 

manto 

manifattura 

manoscritto 

marmo 

marzo 

niarciare 

marchesa 

marca 

marcare 

mercato 

marchese 

maresciallo 

mascolino 

mascherare 

mascherata 

massa 

massiccio 

maestro 

materiale 

materialismo 

materialista 

matematico 

matematico 

matematica 

matrona 

materia 


92 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

magnetisiren  magnetiseeren  magnetisere 

magnetisera 

magnetizirovat' 

Mais 

mais 

Mais 

majs 

mais 

Major 

majoor 

Major 

major 

maior 

Malachit 

malachiet 

Malakit 

malakit 

malakhit 

Mama 

mama 

Mamma 

mamma 

mama 

Mandarin 

mandarijn 

Mandarin 

mandarin 

mandarin 

Mandoline 

mandoline 

Mandolin 

mandolin 

mandolina 

Manie 

manie 

Mani 

mani 

mania 

Manichaer 

manicheer 

Manikseer 

manikeer 

manikheetz 

Manifest 

manifest 

Manifest 

manifest 

manifest 

Manifestationmanifestatie 

Manifestation 

manifestation 

manifestatzia 

Manna 

manna 

Manna 

manna 

manna 

Mantille 

mantilje 

Mantille 

mantilj 

mantil'ya 

Mantel 

mantel 

Mantel 

mantel 

mantia 

Manufaktur 

manufaktuur 

Manufaktur 

manufaktur 

manufaktura 

Manuscript 

manuskript 

Manuskript 

manuskript 

manuskript 

Marmor 

marmer 

Marmor 

marmor 

marmor 

Marz 

Maart 

Marts 

mars 

Mart 

marschiren 

marcheeren 

marschere 

marschera 

marshirovat' 

Marquise 

markiezin 

Markise 

markisinna 

markiza 

Marke 

merk 

Mserke 

marke 

marka 

merken 

merken 

maerke 

marka 

markirovat' 

Markt 

markt 

Marked 

marknad 

yarmarka 

Marquis 

markies 

Markis 

markis 

markiz 

Marschall 

maarschalk 

Marskal 

marskalk 

marshal 

maskulin 

mannelijk 

maskulin 

maskulin 

muzheski 

maskiren 

maskeeren 

maskere 

maskera 

maskirovat' 

Maskerade 

maskerade 

Maskerade 

maskerad 

maskarad 

IMasse 

mas 

Masse 

massa 

massa 

massiv 

massief 

massiv 

massiv 

massivnyi 

Meister 

meester 

Mester 

mastare 

master 

materiell 

materieel 

materiel  , 

materiel 

material' nyi 

Materialismus 

materialismus 

Materialisme 

materialism 

raaterializm 

Materialist 

materialist 

Materialist 

materialist 

materialist 

mathematisch 

mathematisch 

matematisk 

matematisk 

matematitcheski 

Mathematiker 

mathematicus  Matematiker 

matematiker 

matematik 

Mathematik 

mathematiek 

Matematik 

matematik 

matematika 

Matrone 

matrone 

Matrone 

matrona 

matrona 

Materie 

materie 

Materie 

materia 

materia 

93 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Mausoleum 

mausolee 

mausoleo 

mausoleo 

mausole© 

May,  mo. 

mai 

Mayo 

Maio 

maggi© 

Measure,  v. 

mesurer 

medir 

medir 

misurare 

Mechanic,  n. 

mecanicien 

mecanico 

mechanico 

meccanic© 

Mechanical 

mecanique 

mecanico 

mechanico 

meccanico 

Mechanics 

mecanique 

mecanica 

mechanica 

meccanica 

Mechanism 

mecanisme 

mecanismo 

mechanism© 

meccanismo 

Medal 

medaille 

medalla 

medalha 

medaglia 

Medallion 

medaillon 

medallon 

medalhao 

medagli©ne 

Medical 

medical 

medical 

medical 

medicale 

Medicine 

medecine 

medicina 

medicina 

medicina 

Melancholic 

melancolique 

melancolico 

melancolico 

malinconico 

Melancholy- 

melancolie 

melancolia 

melancolia 

malinc©nia 

Melodious 

melodieux 

melodioso 

melodioso 

mel©dios© 

Melodrama 

melodrame 

melodrama 

melodrama 

mel©dramma 

Melody 

melodie 

melodia 

melodia 

melodia 

ISIemorial,  n. 

memorial,  spl, 

,  memorial 

memorial 

memoriale 

Mercury 

mercure 

mercurio 

mercurio 

mercuri© 

Meridian 

meridien 

meridiano 

meridiano 

meridian© 

Merino,  a. 

merino 

merino 

merino 

merin© 

Messiah 

Messie 

Mesias 

Messias 

Messia 

Metal 

metal 

metal 

metal 

metallo 

Metallic 

metallique 

metalico 

metallic© 

metallic© 

Metallurgist 

metallurgiste 

metalurgico 

metallurgista 

metallurg© 

Metallurgy 

metallurgie 

metalurgia 

metallurgia 

metallurgia 

Metaphor 

metaphore 

metafora 

metaphora 

metafora 

Metaphorical  metaphorique 

metaforico 

metaphorico 

metaforic© 

Metaphysicalmetaphysique 

metafisico 

metaphysico 

metafisic© 

Metaphysician 

metaphysicien  metafisico 

metaphysico 

metafisic© 

Metaphysics 

metaphysique 

:  metafisica 

metaphysica 

metafisica 

Meteor 

meteore 

meteoro 

meteoro 

mete©ra 

^Meteoric 

meteorique 

meteorico 

meteorico 

meteorico 

Meteorology 

meteorologie 

meteorologia 

meteorologia 

meteorologia 

Meter  (verse^ 

)  metre 

metro 

metro 

metro 

Method 

methode 

metodo 

method© 

metod© 

Methodic 

methodique 

metodico 

methodic© 

met©dic© 

Metonymy 

metonymie 

metonimia 

met©nymia 

met©nimia 

Metrical 

metrique 

metrico 

metrico 

metric© 

Metropolitan 

I  metropolitain 

metropolitano  metropolitanc 

)  metropolitan© 

9+ 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
NorweRian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Mausoleum 

mausoleum 

Mausoleum 

mausole 

mavzolei 

Mai 

Mei 

Mai 

maj 

Mai 

messen 

meten 

maale 

mata 

mezhevat',  spl. 

Mechaniker 

mechanicus 

Mekanikus 

mekaniker 

mekhanik 

mechaniscli 

mechanisch 

mekanisk 

mekanisk 

mekhanitcheski 

Mechanik 

mechanica 

Mekanik 

mekanik 

mekhanika 

Mechanismusmechanismus 

Mekanisme 

mekanism 

mekhanizm 

Medaille 
Medaillon 

medalje 
medaljon 

Medalje 
Medaljon 

medalj 
medaljong 

medal' 
medal'on 

medizinisch 

medicinaal 

medecinsk 

medicinsk 

meditzinski 

Medizin 

medicijn 

Medicin 

medicin 

meditzina 

melancholisch 

melankolisch 

melankolsk 

melankolisk 

melankholitcheski 

Melancholie 

melankolie 

Melankoli 

melankoli 

melankholia 

melodisch 

melodisch 

melodisk 

melodisk 

meloditcheski 

Melodrama 

melodrama 

Melodrama 

melodram 

melodrama 

Melodic 

melodie 

Melodi 

melodi 

melodia 

Memorial 

memoriaal 

Memorial 

memorial 

memorial 

Merkur 

merkurius 

Merkur 

merkur 

merkuri 

Meridian 

meridiaan 

Meridian 

meridian 

meridian 

merino 

merino 

merino 

merino 

merinos 

Messias 

Messias 

Messias 

Messias 

Messia 

Metall 

metaal 

Metal 

metall 

metall 

metalliscli 

metalliek 

metallisk 

metallisk 

metallitcheski 

Metallurg 

Metallurgie 

Metapher 

metallurgist 

metallurgie 

metafoor 

Metallurg 

Metallurgi 

Metafor 

metallurg 

metallurgi 

metafor 

metallurg 

metallurgia 

metafora 

metaphorischmetaforisch 
metaphysischmetafizisch 
Metaphysiker      metafizicus 
Metaphysik    metafizika 
Meteor            meteoor 

metaforisk 

metafysisk 

Metafysiker 

Metafysik 

Meteor 

metaforisk 

metafysisk 

metafysiker 

metafysik 

meteor 

metaforitcheski 

metafizitcheski 

metafizik 

metafizika 

meteor 

meteorisch 

meteorisch 

meteorisk 

meteorisk 

meteoritcheski 

Meteorologie  meteorologie 
Metrum           metrum 

Meteorologi 
Metrum 

meteorologi 
meter 

meteorologia 
metr 

Methode 

methode 

Metode 

metod 

metoda 

methodisch 

methodisch 

metodisk 

metodisk 

metoditcheski 

Metonymie 
metrisch 

metonymie 
metrisch 

Metonymi 
metrisk 

metonymi 
metrisk 

metonimia 
metritcheski 

metropolitar 

I  metropolitaan 

Metropolit,  n. 

metropolit,  n. 

mitropolit,  n. 

95 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Miasm 

miasme 

miasma 

miasma 

miasma 

Microscope 

Microscopic 

Mile 

microscope       microscopic 
microscopique  microscopico 
mille                  milla 

microscopic 

microscopico 

milha 

microscopic 

microscopico 

miglio 

Militia 

milice 

milicia 

milicia 

milizia 

Miller 

meunier 

molinero 

mcleiro 

molinaro 

Million 

million 

millon 

milhao 

milione 

Millionaire 

millionnaire 

millonario 

millionario 

milionaric 

Mimic 

mimique 

mimico 

mimico 

mimico 

Minaret 

minaret 

minarete 

minarete 

minarete 

Mineral,  a. 

mineral 

mineral 

mineral 

minerale 

Mineralogicalmineralogique  mineralogico 
Mineralogist  mineralogista  mineralogista 
Mineralogy    mineralogie      mineralogia 

mineralogico 

mineralogista 

mineralogia 

mineralogico 

mineralogista 

mineralogia 

Miniature 

miniature 

miniatura 

miniatura 

miniatura 

Minimum 

minimum 

minimo 

minimo 

minimum 

Minister 

ministre 

ministro 

ministro 

ministro 

Ministerial 

ministeriel 

ministerial 

ministerial 

ministeriale 

Ministry 

ministere 

ministerio 

ministerio 

ministerio 

Minuet 

menuet 

minuete 

minuete 

minuetto 

Minute 

minute 

minuto 

minute 

minuto 

Misanthrope 
Misanthropy 

misanthrope 
misanthropie 

misantropo 
misantropia 

misanthrope 
misanthropia 

misantropo 
misantropia 

Mission 

mission 

mision 

missao 

missione 

Missionary.! 

i.missionaire 

misionero 

missionario 

missionario 

Mistress 

maitresse 

maestra 

mestra 

maestra 

Mnemonics 
Mode 

mnemonique 
mode 

mnemonica 
modo 

mnemonica 
modo 

mnemonica 
moda 

Model 

modele 

modelo 

modelo 

modello 

Modulate 

moduler 

modular 

modular 

modulare 

Modulation 

modulation 

modulacion 

mcdula^ac 

modulazione 

Moment 

moment 

momento 

momento 

momento 

Monarch 

monarque 

monarca 

monarcha 

monarca 

Monarchical 
Monarchy 

monarchique 
monarchic 

monarquico 
monarquia 

monarchico 
monarchia 

monarchico 
monarchia 

Monastic 

monastique 

mondstico 

monastico 

monastico 

Monk 

moine 

monje 

monge 

monaco 

Monogram 

monogramme 

monograma 
96 

monogramma 

monogramma 

German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Miasma 

miasma 

Miasma 

miasma 

miazma 

Mikroskop 

mikroskoop 

Mikroskop 

mikroskop 

mikroskop 

mikroskopisch 

mikroskopisch  mikroskopisk 

mikroskopisk 

mikroskopitcheskl 

Meile 

mijl 

Mil 

mil 

milya 

Miliz 

militie 

Milits 

milis 

militzia 

MuUer 

molenaar 

MoUer 

mjolnare 

mel'mk 

Million 

millioen 

Million 

million 

million 

Millionar 

millionair 

Millionaer 

millionar 

millioner 

mimisch 

mimisch 

mimisk 

mimisk 

mimitcheski 

Minaret 

minaret 

Minaret 

minaret 

minaret 

mineralisch 

mineraal 

mineralsk 

mineral 

mineral'nyi 

mineralogisch 

mineralogisch 

mineralogisk 

mineralogisk 

mineralogitcheski 

Mineralog 

mineraloog 

Mineralog 

mineralog 

mineralog 

Mineralogie 

mineralogie 

Mineralogi 

mineralogi 

mineralogia 

Miniatur 

miniatuur 

Miniatur 

miniatyr 

miniatyura 

Minimum 

minimum 

Minimum 

minimum 

minimum 

Minister 

minister 

Minister 

minister 

ministr 

ministeriell 

ministerieel 

ministeriel 

ministeriel 

ministerski 

Ministerium 

ministerie 

Ministerium 

ministar 

ministerstvo 

Menuett 

menuet 

Menuet 

menuett 

menuet 

Minute 

minuut 

Minut 

minut 

minuta 

Misanthrop 

misanthroop 

Misantrop 

misantrop 

mizantrop 

Misantliropi( 

2  misanthropic 

Misantropi 

misantropi 

mizantropia 

Mission 

missie 

Mission 

mission 

missia 

Missionar 

missionair 

Missionser 

missionar 

missioner 

Meisterin 

meesteres 

Matresse 

matress 

masteritza 

Mnemonik 

mnemoniek 

Mnemonik 

mnemonik 

mnemonika 

Mode 

mode 

Mode 

mod 

moda 

Modell 

model 

Model 

modell 

model' 

moduliren 

moduleeren 

modulere 

modulera 

modulirovat' 

Modulation 

modulatie 

Modulation 

modulation 

modulyatzia 

Moment 

moment 

Moment 

moment 

moment 

Monarch 

monarch 

Monark 

monark 

monarkh 

monarchisch  monarchaal 

monarkisk 

monarkisk 

monarkhitcheski 

Monarchie 

monarchie 

Monarki 

monarki 

monarkhia 

monastisch 

monnikachtig 

monastisk 

monastisk 

monastyrski 

Monch 

mounik 

Munk 

munk 

monakh 

Monogramm  monogram 

Monogram 

monogram 

monogramma 

97 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Monologue 

monologue 

monologo 

monologo 

monologo 

Monopolist 

monopoleur 

monopolista 

monopolista 

monopolista 

Monopoly- 

monopole 

monopolio 

monopolio 

monopolio 

Monotonous 

monotone 

monotono 

monotono 

monotono 

Monotony 

monotonie 

monotonia 

monotonia 

monotonia 

Month 

mois 

mes 

mez 

mese 

Monument 

monument 

monumento 

monumento 

monumento 

Moor 

More 

Moro 

Monro 

Moro 

Moral 

moral 

moral 

moral 

morale 

Moralist 

moraliste 

moral  ista 

moralista 

moralista 

Morality- 

morale 

moralidad 

moralidade 

moralita 

Mosque 

mosquee 

mezquita 

mesquita 

moschea 

Moss 

mousse 

musgo 

musgo 

niuschio 

Mother 

m^re 

madre 

madre 

madre 

Motive 

motif 

motive 

motivo 

motivo 

Mulatto 

mulatre 

mulato 

mulato 

mulatto 

Mule 

mulct 

mulo 

mu 

mulo 

Mummy 

momie 

momia 

mumia 

mummia 

Municipal 

municipal 

municipal 

municipal 

municipale 

Muscle 

muscle 

musculo 

musculo 

musculo 

Museum 

musee 

museo 

museo 

museo 

Music 

musique 

musica 

musica 

musica 

Musical 

musical 

musical 

musico 

musicale 

Musician 

musicien 

musico 

musico 

musico 

Musk 

muse 

musco 

almiscar 

niuschio 

Musket 

mousquet 

mosquete 

mosquete 

moschetto 

Muslin 

mousseline 

muselina 

musselina 

mossolina 

Myrrh 

myrrhe 

mirra 

mirra 

mirra 

Mystery 

mystere 

misterio 

mysterio 

misterio 

Mystic,  n. 

mystique 

mistico 

mystico 

mistico 

Mystical 

mystique 

mistico 

mystico 

mistico 

Mysticism 

mysticite 

misticismo 

mysticismo 

misticismo 

Myth 

mythe 

mito 

mytho 

mito 

M  y  thological  my  thologique 

:  mitologico 

mythologico 

mitologico 

Mythology 

Nadir 

mythologie 

mitologia 

mythologia 

mitologia 

nadir 

nadir 

nadir 

nadir 

Naiad 

naiade 

nayade 

naiade 

naiade 

q8 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

^lonolog 

monoloog 

Monolog 

monolog 

monolog 

Monopolist 

monopolist 

Monopolist 

monopolist 

monopolist 

Monopol 

monopolie 

Monopol 

monopol 

monopolia 

monoton 

monotoon 

monoton 

monoton 

monotonnyi 

Monotonia 

monotonia 

Monotoni 

monotoni 

monotonnost' 

Monat 

ma  and 

Maaned 

manad 

myesyatz 

Monument 

monument 

Monument 

monument 

monument 

Mohr 

Moor 

Mor 

Mor 

mavr 

moralisch 

moreel 

moralsk 

moralisk 

moral'nyi 

Moralist 

moralist 

Moralist 

moralist 

moralist 

Moralitat 

moraliteit 

Moralitet 

moralitet 

moral' 

Moschee 

moskee 

Moske 

moske 

metchet' 

Moos 

mos 

Mos 

mossa 

mokh 

Mutter 

moeder 

Moder 

moder 

mat' 

Motiv 

motief 

Motiv 

motiv 

motiv 

Mulatte 

mulat 

Mulat 

mulatt 

mulat 

Maulesel 

muilezel 

Mule 

mulasna 

mul 

Mumie 

mumie 

Mumie 

mumie 

mumia 

municipal 

municipaal 

municipal 

municipal 

munitzipal'nyi 

Muskel 

mossel 

Muskel 

muskel 

muskul 

Museum 

museum 

Museum 

museum 

muzei 

Musik 

muziek 

Musik 

musik 

muzyka 

musikalisch 

muzikaal 

musikalsk 

musikalisk 

muzykal'nyi 

Musiker 

muziekant 

Musiker 

musiker 

muzykant 

Moschus 

muskus 

Moskus 

mysk 

muskus 

Muskete 

musket 

Musket 

muskot 

mushket 

Musselin 

mousselin 

Musselin 

muslin 

muslin 

Myrrhe 

mirre 

Myrra 

myrra 

rairra 

Mysterium 

mysterie 

Mysterium 

myster 

misteria 

Mystiker 

mystieker 

Mystiker 

mystiker 

mistik 

mystisch 

mystiek 

mystisk 

mystisk 

mistitcheski 

Mysticismus 

>  mysticismus 

Mysticisme 

mysticism 

mistitzizm 

Mythe 

mythe 

Myte 

myt 

mif 

mythologischmythologisch 

mytologisk 

mytologisk 

mifologitcheski 

Mythologie 

Nadir 

mythologie 

Mytologi 

mytologi 

mifologia 

nadir 

Nadir 

nadir 

nadir 

Najade 

najade 

Najade 

najad 

nayada 

99 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Name 

nom 

nombre 

nome 

nome 

Name,  v. 

nommer 

nombrar 

nomear 

nominare 

Nankeen 

nankin 

nanquin 

nanquin 

nanchino 

Naphtha 

napthe 

nafta 

naphta 

nafta 

Narcissus 

narcisse 

narciso 

narciso 

narciso 

Narcotic,  a. 

narcotique 

narcotico 

narcotico 

narcotico 

Nasal 

nasal 

nasal 

nasal 

nasale 

Nation 

nation 

nacion 

na^ao 

nazione 

National 

national 

nacional 

nacional 

nazionale 

Nationality- 

nationalite 

nacionalidad 

nacionalidade 

nazionalita 

Natural 

naturel 

natural 

natural 

naturale 

Naturalist 

naturaliste 

naturalista 

naturalista 

naturalista 

Naturalization 

naturalisation 

.  naturalizacion  naturalizagao 

naturalizzazione 

Naturalize 

naturaliser 

naturalizar 

naturalizar 

naturalizzare 

Nature 

nature 

natura 

natura 

natura 

Necrology 

necrologie 

necrologia 

necrologia 

necrologia 

Nectar 

nectar 

nectar 

nectar 

nettare 

Negative 

negatif 

negativo 

negativo 

negativo 

Negro 

negre 

negro 

negro 

negro 

Neological 

neologique 

neologico 

neologico 

neologico 

Neologist 

neologue 

neologo 

neologo 

neologo 

Neology 

neologie 

neologia 

neologia 

neologia 

Nepotism 

nepotisme 

nepotismo 

nepotismo 

nepotismo 

Neptune 

Neptune 

Neptuno 

Neptuno 

Nettuno 

Nereid 

nereide 

nereida 

nereida 

nereide 

Nerve 

nerf 

nervio 

nervo 

nervo 

Nervous 

nerveux 

nervioso 

nervoso 

nervoso 

Net,  a. 

net 

neto 

neto 

netto 

Neuter 

neutre 

neutro 

neutro 

neutro 

Neutral 

neutre 

neutral 

neutral 

neutrale 

Neutrality 

neutralite 

neutralidad 

neutralidade 

neutralita 

Neutralize 

neutraliser 

neutralizar 

neutralizar 

neutralizzare 

New 

nouveau 

nuevo 

novo 

nuovo 

Night 

nuit 

noche 

noite 

notte 

No,  adv. 

non 

no 

nao 

no 

Nomenclature 

nomenclature 

nomenclatura 

nomenclatura 

nomenclatura 

Nominal 

nominal 

nominal 

nominal 

nominale 

North 

nord 

norte 

norte 

norde 

Nose 

nez 

nariz 

nariz 

naso 

ICO 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Name 

naam 

Navn 

namn 

imya 

nenuen 

noemen 

naevne 

namna 

imenovat' 

Nanking 

nankin 

Nankin 

nankin 

nanka 

Naphtha 

nafta 

Nafta 

nafta 

neft' 

Narcisse 

narcis 

Narcisse 

narciss 

nartzis 

narkotisch 

narkotisch 

narkotisk 

narkotisk 

narkotitcheski 

nasal 

nasaal 

nasal 

nasal 

nosovoi 

Nation 

natie 

Nation 

nation 

natzia 

national 

nationaal 

national 

national 

natzional'nyi 

Nationalitat 

nationaliteit 

Nationalitet 

nationalitet 

natzional'nost' 

natiirlich 

natuurlijk 

naturlig 

naturlig 

natural'nyi 

Naturalist 

naturalist 

Naturalist 

naturalist 

naturalist 

Naturalisation 

naturalisatie 

Naturalisation  naturalisation  naturalizatzia 

naturalisirer 

I  naturaliseeren  naturalisere 

naturalisera 

naturalizovat' 

Natur 

natuur 

Natur 

natur 

natura 

Nekrologie 

nekrologie 

Nekrologi 

nekrolog 

nekrologia 

Nektar 

nektar 

Nektar 

nektar 

nektar 

negativ 

negatief 

negativ 

negativ 

negativ,  phot. 

Neger 

neger 

Neger 

neger 

negr 

neologisch 

neologisch 

neologisk 

neologisk 

neologitcheski 

Neolog 

neologist 

Neolog 

neolog 

neolog 

Neologie 

neologie 

Neologi 

neologi 

neologia 

Nepotismus 

nepotismus 

Nepotisme 

nepotism 

nepotizm 

Neptun 

Neptunus 

Neptun 

Neptunus 

Neptun 

Nereide 

nereide 

Nereide 

nereid 

nereida 

Nerve 

nerv 

Nerve 

nerv 

nerv 

nervos 

nerveus 

nervos 

nervos 

nervnyi 

netto 

netto 

netto 

netto 

netto 

neutrum 

neutrum 

noitrum 

neutrum 

neitral'nyi 

neutral 

neutraal 

noitral 

neutral 

neitral'nyi 

Neutralitat 

neutraliteit 

Noitralitet 

neutralitet 

neitralitet 

neutralisiren  neutraliseeren  noitralisere 

neutralisera 

neitralizovat' 

neu 

nieuw 

ny 

ny 

novyi 

Nacht 

nacht 

Nat 

natt 

notch' 

nein 

neen 

nei 

nej 

nyet 

Nomenklaturnomenklatuur  Nomenklatur 

nomenklatur 

nomenklatura 

nominal 

nominaal 

nominal 

nominal 

nominal'nyi 

Nord 

noord 

Nord 

norr 

nord 

Nase 

neus 

Naese 

nasa 

nos 

lOI 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Notary- 

notaire 

notario 

notario 

notaro 

Note 

note 

nota 

nota 

nota 

Novel 

nouveau 

novel 

novella 

novello 

November 

novembre 

Noviembre 

Novembro 

novembre 

Novice 

novice 

novicio 

novigo 

novizio 

Null 

nul 

nulo 

nullo 

nullo 

Number 

nombre 

numero 

numero 

numero 

Nymph 
o 

nymphe 

ninfa 

nympha 

ninfa 

Oh 

Oh 

Oh 

O 

Oh 

Obelisk 

obelisque 

obelisco 

obelisco 

obelisco 

Object 

objet 

objeto 

objecto 

obbietto 

Objective 

objectif 

objetivo 

object  ivo 

obbiettivo 

Obligation 

obligation 

obligacion 

obrigafao 

obbligazione 

Ocean 

ocean 

oceano 

oceano 

oceano 

Ocher 

ocre 

ocre 

ochre 

ocra 

Octagon 

octogone 

octagono 

octogono 

ottagono 

Octave 

octave 

octava 

octava 

ottava 

October 

octobre 

Octubre 

Outubro 

ottobre 

Ode 

ode 

oda 

ode 

ode 

Officer 

officier 

oficial 

official 

ufficiale 

Official,  a. 

officiel 

oficial 

official 

ufficiale 

Oligarchy- 

oligarchic 

oligarquia 

oligarchia 

oligarchia 

Olive 

olive 

oliva 

oliva 

oliva 

Olympiad 

olympiade 

olimpiada 

olympiada 

olimpiade 

Olympic 

olympique 

olimpico 

olympico 

olimpico 

Omega 

omega 

omega 

omega 

omega 

One 

un 

uno 

um 

uno 

Ontology- 

ontologie 

ontologia 

ontologia 

ontologia 

Onyx 

onyx 

onix 

onyx 

onice 

Opal 

opale 

opalo 

opalo 

opale 

Open,  V. 

ouvrir 

abrir 

abrir 

aprire 

Opera 

opera 

opera 

opera 

opera 

Operate 

operer 

operar 

operar 

operare 

Operation 

operation 

operacion 

opera^ao 

operazione 

Operator 

operateur 

operador 

operador 

operatore 

Opium 

opium 

opio 

opio 

oppio 

Oppose 

opposer 

oponer 

oppor 

oppore 

German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwecian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Notar 

notaris 

Notarius 

notarie 

notarius 

Note 

noot 

Note 

not 

nota 

neu 

nieuw 

ny 

ny 

novyi 

November 

November 

November 

november 

Noyabr' 

Novize 

novice 

Novice 

novis 

novitchok 

Null 

nul 

Nul 

noil 

nul' 

Nummer 

nommer 

Nummer 

nummer 

numer 

Nymphe 

o 

nimf 

Nymfe 

nymf 

nimfa 

Oh 

O 

O 

0 

0 

Obelisk 

obelisk 

Obelisk 

obelisk 

obelisk 

Objekt 

objekt 

Objekt 

objekt 

obyekt 

objektiv 

objektief 

objektiv 

objektiv 

obyektivnyi 

Obligation 

obligatie 

Obligation 

obligation 

obligatzia 

Ozean 

oceaan 

Ocean 

ocean 

okean 

Oker 

oker 

Okker 

ockra 

okhra 

Achteck 

achthoek 

Ottekant 

oktogon 

os'miugol'nik 

Oktave 

oktaaf 

Oktav 

oktav 

oktava 

Oktober 

Oktober 

Oktober 

oktober 

Oktyabr' 

Ode 

ode 

Ode 

ode 

oda 

Officier 

ofiicier 

Officer 

officer 

ofitzer 

officiell 

officieel 

officiel 

officiel 

ofitzial'nyi 

Oligarchic 

oligarchic 

Oligarki 

oligarki 

oligarkhia 

Olive 

olijf 

Oliven 

oliv 

olivka 

Olympiade 

olympiade 

Olympiade 

olympiad 

olimpiada 

olympisch 

olympisch 

olympisk 

olympisk 

olimpiski 

Omega 

omega 

Omega 

omega 

omega 

ein 

een 

en 

en 

odin 

Ontologie 

ontologie 

Ontologi 

ontologi 

ontologia 

Onyx 

onyx 

Onyx 

onyx 

oniks 

Opal 

opaal 

Opal 

opal 

opal 

offnen      ■ 

openen 

aabne 

oppna 

otvoryat' 

Oper 

opera 

Opera 

opera 

opera 

operiren 

opereeren 

operere 

operera 

operirovat' 

Operation 

operatic 

Operation 

operation 

operatzia 

Operateur 

operateur 

Operator 

operator 

operator 

Opium 

opium 

Opium 

opium 

opium 

opponiren 

opponeeren 

opponere 

opponera 

opponirovat' 

103 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Opposition 

opposition 

oposicion 

opposigao 

©pp©sizione 

Optical 

optique 

optico 

optico 

ottic© 

Optician 

opticien 

optico 

optico 

ottico 

Optics 

optique 

optica 

optica 

ottica 

Optimism 

optimisme 

optimism© 

optimism© 

©ttimismo 

Optimist 

optimiste 

optimista 

optimista 

ottimista 

Oracle 

oracle 

oraculo 

oraculo 

oracolo 

Orangery 

orangerie 

naranjal 

laranjal 

aranciera 

Oratorio 

oratorio 

oratorio 

oratorio 

oratorio 

Oratory 

oratoire 

oratorio 

oratoria 

orat©ria 

Orchestra 

orchestre 

orquestra 

orchestra 

orchestra 

Order 

ordre 

orden 

ordem 

ordine 

Ordinary 

ordinaire 

ordenado 

ordinario 

ordinario 

Organ 

organe 

organo 

©rgao 

organ© 

Organic 

organique 

organic© 

organic© 

©rganic© 

Organist 

organiste 

organista 

organista 

organista 

Organize 

organiser 

organ  izar 

organizar 

organizzare 

Orientate 

orienter 

orientar 

orientar 

©rientare 

Original,  a. 

originel 

original 

original 

©riginale 

Originality 

originalite 

originalidad 

originalidade 

originalita 

Orion 

orion 

orion 

ori©n 

orione 

Ornament 

ornement 

ornamento 

©rnament© 

©rnament© 

Ornithologist  ornithologiste 

ornitologista 

©rnithologista 

L  ornit©]ogo 

Ornithology 

ornithologie 

ornitologia 

ornithologia 

ornitologia 

Orthoepy 

orthoepie 

ortologia 

orthologia 

ortoepea 

Orthography  orthographe 

ortografia 

orthographia 

ortografia 

Osteology 

osteologie 

osteologia 

oste©l©gia 

oste©l©gia 

Ostrich 

autruche 

avestruz 

abestruz 

struzz© 

Ottoman 

ottoman 

otomano 

©th©man© 

©tt©man© 

Ounce 

once 

onza 

on^a 

©ncia 

Oval 

ovale 

oval 

oval 

©vale 

Overture 

ouverture 

abertura 

abertura 

apertura 

Oyster 
P 

Pack 

huitre 

ostra 

ostra 

©strica 

empaqueter 

empaquetar 

empacotar 

impacchettare 

Packet 

paquet 

paquete 

pacote 

pacchett© 

Page  (person)page 

paje 

pagem 

paggio 

Pagoda 

pagode 

pagode 

pag©de 

pag©de 

104 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweelan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Opposition 

oppositie 

Opposition 

opposition 

opozitzia 

optisch 

optisch 

optisk 

optisk 

optitcheski 

Optiker 

opticus 

Optiker 

optiker 

optik 

Optik 

optiek 

Optik 

optik 

optika 

Optimismus 

optimismus 

Optimisme 

optimism 

optimizm 

Optimist 

optimist 

Optimist 

optimist 

optimist 

Orakel 

orakel 

Orakel 

orakel 

orakul 

Orangerie 

oranjerij 

Orangeri 

orangeri 

oranzhereya 

Oratorium 

oratorium 

Oratorium 

oratorium 

oratoria 

Oratorium 

oratorium 

Oratorium 

oratorio,  spl. 

ritorika 

Orchester 

orkest 

Orkester 

orkester 

orkestr 

Ordnung 

orde 

Orden 

ordning 

order 

ordinar 

ordinair 

ordineer 

ordinar 

ordinarnyi 

Orgel 

orgel 

Orgel 

orgel 

organ 

organisch 

organisch 

organisk 

organisk 

organitcheski 

Organist 

organist 

Organist 

organist 

organist 

organisiren 

organiseeren 

organisere 

organisera 

organizovat' 

orientiren 

orienteeren 

orientere 

orientera 

orientirovat'sya 

originell 

origineel 

original 

originell 

original'nyi 

Originalitat 

originaliteit 

Originalitet 

originalitet 

original' nost' 

Orion 

orion 

Orion 

Orion 

Orion 

Ornament 

ornement 

Ornament 

ornament 

ornament 

Ornitholog 

ornitholoog 

Ornitolog 

ornitolog 

ornitolog 

Ornithologie 

;  ornithologie 

Ornitologi 

ornitologi 

ornitologia 

Orthoepie 

orthoepie 

Orthoepi 

orthoepi 

orfoepia 

Orthographieorthografie 

Ortografi 

orthografi 

orfografia 

Osteologie 

osteologie 

Osteologi 

osteologi 

osteologia 

Strauss 

struis 

Struds 

struts 

Straus 

Ottoman 

ottoman 

Ottoman 

ottoman 

otomanka 

Unze 

ons 

Unse 

uns 

untzia 

oval 

ovaal 

oval 

oval 

oval'nyi 

Ouverture 

ouverture 

Ouverture 

uvertyr 

uvertyura 

Auster 

P 

packen 

oester 

Osters 

ostron 

ustritza 

paicken 

pakke 

packa 

pakovat' 

Packet 

pakket 

Pakke 

paket 

paket 

Page 

page 

Page 

page 

pazh 

Pagode 

pagode 

Pagode 

pagod 

pagoda 

105 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Pair 

paire 

par 

par 

pajo 

Palace 

palais 

palacio 

palacio 

palazzo 

Palanquin 

palanquin 

palanquin 

palanquim 

palanchino 

Palisade 

palissade 

palizada 

paligada 

palizzatta 

Palladium 

palladium 

paladion 

palladio 

palladio 

Palm 

palme 

palma 

palma 

palma 

Pamphlet 

pamphlet 

folleto 

folheto 

foglietto 

Panacea 

panacee 

panacea 

panacea 

panacea 

Panegyric.n 

.  panegyrique 

panegirico 

panegyrico 

panegirico 

Panegyrist 

panegyriste 

panegirista 

panegyrista 

panegirista 

Panic 

panique 

panico 

panico 

panico 

Panorama 

panorama 

panorama 

panorama 

panorama 

Pantaloons 

pan  talon 

pantalon 

pantalonas 

pantaloni 

Pantheist 

pantheiste 

panteista 

pantheista 

panteista 

Pantheon 

pantheon 

panteon 

pantheon 

panteon 

Pantomime 

pantomime 

pantomima 

pantomima 

pantomimo 

Papa 

papa 

papa 

pai 

papa 

Papal 

papal 

papal 

papal 

papale 

Papist 

papiste 

papista 

papista 

papista 

Par 

pair 

par 

par 

pari 

Parade 

parade 

parada 

parada 

parata 

Paradox 

paradoxe 

paradoja 

paradoxo 

paradosso 

Paradoxical 

paradoxal 

paradojico 

paradoxo 

paradossico 

Paragraph 

paragraphe 

parrafo 

paragraph© 

paragrafo 

Parallel,  n. 

parallele 

paralelo 

parallelo 

parallelo 

Paralysis 

paralysie 

paralisis 

paralysia 

paralisi 

Paralytic 

paralytique 

paralitico 

paralytico 

paralitico 

Parapet 

parapet 

parapeto 

parapito 

parapetto 

Paraphrase 

paraphrase 

parafrasi 

paraphrase 

parafrasi 

Parasite 

parasite 

parasito 

parasito 

parasito 

Parchment 

parchemin 

pergamino 

pergaminho 

pergamena 

Park 

pare 

parque 

parque 

par  CO 

Parliament 

parlement 

parlamento 

parlamento 

parlamento 

Parliamentary 

parlementaire  parlamentario  parlamentar 

parlamentario 

Parody 

pared  ie 

parodia 

parodia 

parodia 

Paroxysm 

paroxysme 

paroxismo 

paroxysmo 

parosismo 

Parterre 

parterre 

parterre 

parterre 

parterre 

Partizan 

partisan 

partidario 

partasana 

partigiano 

Party 

parti 

partido 

partido 

parte 

1 06 


German 

Dutch 

Dinlsh- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Paar 

paar 

Par 

par 

para 

Palast 

paleis 

Palads 

palats 

palaty  (pi.) 

Palaukin 

palanquin 

Palankin 

palankin 

palankin 

Pallisade 

palissade 

Palissade 

palisad 

palisada 

Palladium 

palladium 

Palladium 

palladium 

palladium 

Palme 

palm 

Palme 

palm 

pal'ma 

Pamphlet 

pamflet 

Pamflet 

pamflett 

pamflet 

Pauacee 

panacea 

Panace 

panace 

panatzeya 

Panegyricus 

panegyriek 

Panegyrik 

panegyrik 

pauegirik 

Panegyrist 

panegyrist 

Panegyrist 

panegyrist 

panegirist 

panisch 

panic 

panisk 

panisk 

panitcheski 

Panorama 

panorama 

Panorama 

panorama 

panorama 

Pantalons 

pantalon 

Pantalons 

pantalonger 

pantalony 

Pantheist 

pantheist 

Panteist 

panteist 

panteist 

Pantheon 

pantheon 

Panteon 

panteon 

panteon 

Pantomime 

pantomime 

Pantomime 

pantomim 

pantomima 

Papa 

papa 

Papa 

pappa 

papa 

papstlich 

pauselijk 

pavelig 

paflig 

papski 

Papist 

papist 

Papist 

papist 

papist 

Pari 

pari 

Pari 

pari 

al'pari 

Parade 

parade 

Parade 

parad 

parad 

Paradoxon 

paradox 

Paradox 

paradox 

paradoks 

paradox 

paradoxaal 

paradox 

paradox 

paradoksal'nyi 

Paragraph 

paragraaf 

Paragraf 

paragraf 

paragraf 

Parallele 

parallel 

Parallel 

parallel 

parallel' 

Paralysis 

paralysie 

Paralysis 

paralysi 

paralitch 

paralytisch 

paralytisch 

paralytisk 

paralytisk 

paralitchnyi 

Parapet 

parapet 

Parapet 

parapet 

parapet 

Paraphrase 

parafrase 

Parafrase 

parafras 

parafrazis 

Parasit 

parasiet 

Parasit 

parasit 

parazit 

Pergament 

perkement 

Pergament 

pergament 

pergament 

Park 

park 

Park 

park 

park 

Parlament 

parlement 

Parlament 

parlament 

parlament 

parlamentarisch  parlementair 

parlamentariskparlamentariskparlamentski 

Parodie 

parodie 

Parodi 

parodi 

parodia 

Paroxysmui 

>  paroxysmus 

Paroxysme 

paroxysm 

paroksizm 

Parterre 

parterre 

Parterre 

parterr 

parter 

Partisane 

bardezaan 

Partisan 

bardisan 

partizan 

Partei 

partij 

Parti 

parti 

partia 

107 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Passage 

passage 

pasaje 

passagem 

passaggio 

Passenger 

passager 

pasajero 

passageiro 

passeggiere 

Passive 

passif 

pasivo 

passive 

passive 

Passover 

paque 

pascua 

paschoa 

pasqua 

Passport 

passe-port 

pasaporte 

passaporte 

passaporto 

Pastor 

pasteur 

pastor 

pastor 

pastore 

Pastoral 

pastoral 

pastoral 

pastoral 

pastorale 

Patent,  a. 

patent 

patente 

patente 

patente 

Pathetic 

pathetique 

patetico 

pathetico 

patetico 

Pathologist 

pathologiste 

patologista 

pathologista 

patologista 

Pathology 

pathologie 

patologia 

pathologia 

patologia 

Patient,  n. 

patient 

paciente 

paciente 

paziente 

Patriarch 

patriarche 

patriarca 

patriarcha 

patriarca 

Patriarchal 

patriarcal 

patriarcal 

patriarchal 

patriarcale 

Patrician,  n. 

patricien 

patricio 

patricio 

patrizio 

Patriot 

patriote 

patriota 

patriota 

patriota 

Patriotic 

patriotique 

patriotico 

patriotico 

patriottico 

Patriotism 

patriotisme 

patriotismo 

patriotismo 

patriottismo 

Patrol 

patrouille 

patrulla 

patrulha 

pattuglia 

Patron 

patron 

patron 

patrao 

padrone 

Patronage 

patronage 

patrocinio 

patrocinio 

patronato 

Patroness 

patronne 

patrona 

padroeira 

padrona 

Pause 

pause 

pausa 

pausa 

pausa 

Pavilion 

pavilion 

pabellon 

pavilhao 

padiglione 

Pearl 

perle 

perla 

perola 

perla 

Pedagogue 

pedagogue 

pedagogo 

pedegogo 

pedagogo 

Pedal 

pedale 

pedale 

pedale 

pedale 

Pedant 

pedant 

pedante 

pedante 

pedante 

Pedantic 

pedantesque 

pedantesco 

pedantesco 

pedantesco 

Pedantry- 

pedanterie 

pedanteria 

pedantaria 

pedanteria 

Pedestal 

piedestal 

pedestal 

pedestal 

piedestallo 

Peer 

pair 

par 

par 

pari 

Pelican 

pelican 

pelicano 

pelicano 

pellicano 

Penguin 

pingouin 

penguin 

penguira 

pinguino 

Pension 

pension 

pension 

pensao 

pensione 

Pensioner 

pensionnaire 

pensionista 

pensionista 

pensionato 

Pentameter 

pentam^tre 

pentametro 

pentametro 

pentametro 

Peony 

pivoine 

peonia 

peonia 

peonia 

io8 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Passage 

passage 

Passage 

passage 

passazh 

Passagier 

passagier 

Passager 

passagerare 

passazhir 

passiv 

passief 

passiv 

passiv 

passivnyi 

Passah 

paaschen 

Paaske 

pask 

Paskha 

Pass 

paspoort 

Pas 

pass 

pasport 

Pastor 

pastoor 

Pastor 

pastor 

pastor 

pastoral 

pastoraal 

pastoral 

pastoral 

pastoral' nyi 

patent 

patent 

patent,  spl. 

patent 

patentovannyi 

pathetisch 

pathetisch 

pathetisk 

patetisk 

patetitcheski 

Patholog 

patholoog 

Patholog 

patholog 

patolog 

Pathologie 

pathologie 

Pathologi 

pathologi 

patologia 

Patient 

patient 

Patient 

patient 

patzient 

Patriarch 

patriarch 

Patriark 

patriark 

patriarkh 

patriarchalisch 

patriarchaal 

patriarkalsk 

patriarkalisk 

patriarkhal'nyi 

Patrizier 

patricier 

Patricier 

patricier 

patritzi 

Patriot 

patriot 

Patriot 

patriot 

patriot 

patriotisch 

patriotisch 

patriotisk 

patriotisk 

patriotitcheski 

Patriotismuj 

;  patriotismus 

Patriotisme 

patriotism 

patriotizm 

Patrouille 

patrouille 

Patrol 

patruU 

patrul' 

Patron 

patroon 

Patron 

patron 

patron 

Patronat 

patronaat 

Patronat 

patronat,  spl. 

patronatstvo 

Patronin 

patrones 

Patronesse 

patronessa 

patronessa 

Pause 

pauze 

Pause 

paus 

pauza 

Pavilion 

paviljoen 

Pavilion 

paviljong 

pavil'on 

Perle 

parel 

Perle 

perla 

perl 

Padagog 

pedagoog 

Psedagog 

pedagog 

pedagog 

Pedal 

pedaal 

Pedal 

pedal 

pedal' 

Pedant 

pedant 

Pedant 

pedant 

pedant 

pedantisch 

pedantisch 

pedantisk 

pedantisk 

pedantitcheski 

Pedanterie 

pedanterie 

Pedanteri 

pedanteri 

pedantstvo 

Piedestal 

pedestal 

Piedestal 

piedestal 

piedestal 

Pair 

pair 

Pair 

par 

per 

Pelikan 

pelikaan 

Pelikan 

pelikan 

pelikan 

Penguin 

pinguin 

Pingvin 

pinguin 

pingvin 

Pension 

pensioen 

Pension 

pension 

pension 

Pensionar 

gepensioneer( 

d  Pensionaer 

pensionar 

pensioner 

Pentameter 

pentameter 

Pentameter 

pentameter 

pentametr 

Paonie 

pioene 

Pion 

pion 

pion 

109 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Pepper 

poivre 

pimienta 

pimenta 

pepe 

Perihelion 

perihelia 

perihelio 

perihelio 

perielio 

Period 

periode 

period© 

periodo 

peri©d© 

Periodical 

periodique 

periodico 

periodico 

periodic© 

Periphrase 

periphrase 

perifrasis 

periphrase 

perifrasi 

Perpendicular 

perpendiculaire 

perpendicular  perpendicular  perpendicolare 

Perspective 

perspective 

perspectiva 

perspectiva 

perspettiva 

Peruke 

perruque 

peluca 

peruca 

parrucca 

Petard 

petard 

petardo 

petardo 

petard© 

Petroleum 

petrole 

petrolio 

petroleo 

petrolio 

Phaeton 

phaeton 

faeton 

phactonte 

faeton 

Phalanx 

phalange 

falange 

phalange 

falange 

Pharisaical 

pharisaique 

farisaico 

pharisaico 

farisaic© 

Pharisee 

pharisien 

fariseo 

phariseo 

farise© 

Pharmacy 

pharmacie 

farmacia 

pharmacia 

farmacia 

Phase 

phase 

fase 

phase 

fase 

Pheasant 

faisan 

faisan 

faisao 

fagiano 

Phenix 

phenix 

fenix 

phenix 

fenice 

Phenomenon  phenomene 

fenomeno 

phenomeno 

fen©men© 

Philanthropicphilanthropique 

filantropico 

philantropico 

filantr©pico 

Philanthropist 

philanthrope 

filantropo 

philantropo 

filantr©p© 

Philanthropy  philanthropic 

filantropia 

philantropia 

filantr©pia 

Philologist 

philologue 

filologo 

philologo 

filolog© 

Philology 

philologie 

filologia 

philologia 

fil©logia 

Philosopher 

philosophe 

filosofo 

philosopho 

fil©s©f© 

Philosophicalphilosophique 

filosofico 

philosophic© 

fil©sofic© 

Philosophize 

;  philosopher 

filosofar 

philosophar 

filosofare 

Philosophy 

philosophic 

filosofia 

philosophia 

filosofia 

Phlegm 

flegme 

flema 

flegma 

flemma 

Phlegmatic 

flegmatique 

flematico 

flegmatico 

fiemmatico 

Phosphoric 

phosphoriquc 

fosforico 

phosphoric© 

fosforic© 

Phosphorus 

phosphore 

fosforo 

phosphor© 

f©sfor© 

Photographerphotographe 

fotografo 

photograph© 

f©t©graf© 

Photography  photographic 

fotografia 

phot©graphia 

f©t©grafia 

Phrase 

phrase 

frasc 

phrase 

frase 

Phraseology  phraseologie 

fraseologia 

phrase©logia 

fraseologia 

Phrenologist  phrenologue 

frenologo 

phrenologista 

frenologo 

Phrenology 

phrenologie 

frenologia 

phrenologia 

fren©l©gia 

Physical 

physique 

fisico 

physic© 

fisic© 

German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwecian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Pfefifer 

peper 

Peber 

peppar 

peretz 

Perihelium 

perihelium 

Perihelium 

perihelium 

perigeli 

Periode 

periode 

Periode 

period 

period 

periodisch 

periodiek 

periodisk 

periodisk 

perioditcheski 

Periphrase 

periphrase 

Perifrase 

perifras 

perifraza 

perpendikular 

perpendikulairperpendikulaer  perpendikular  perpendikulyarnyi 

Perspektiv 

perspektief 

Perspektiv 

perspektiv 

perspektiva 

Perriicke 

pruik 

Paryk 

peruk 

parik 

Petarde 

petarde 

Petarde 

petard 

petarda 

Petroleum 

petroleum 

Petroleum 

petroleum 

petrolei 

Phaeton 

phaeton 

Faeton 

faeton 

faeton 

Phalanx 

phalanx 

Falanx 

falang 

falanga 

pharisaisch 

farizeesch 

farisaeisk 

fariseisk 

fariseiski 

Pharisaer 

farizeer 

Farisaeer 

farise 

farisei 

Pharmazie 

pharmacie 

Farmasi 

farmaci 

farmatzia 

Phase 

phase 

Fase 

fas 

faz 

Fasan 

fazant 

Fasan 

fasan 

fazan 

Phonix 

feniks 

Foniks 

fenix 

feniks 

Phanomen 

phenomeen 

Faenomen 

fenomen 

fenomen 

pliilanthropisch 

philanthropisch 

filantropisk 

filantropisk 

filantropitcheski 

Philanthrop 

philanthroop 

Filantrop 

filantrop 

filantrop 

Philanthropie 

philanthropie  Filantropi 

filantropi 

filantropia 

Philolog 

filoloog 

Filolog 

filolog 

filolog 

Philologie 

filologie 

Filologi 

filologi 

filologia 

Philosoph 

filozoof 

Filosof 

filosof 

filosof 

philosophischfilozofisch 

filosofisk 

filosofisk 

filosofitcheski- 

philosophirenfilozofeeren 

filosofere 

filosofera 

filosofstvovat' 

Philosophic 

filozofie 

Filosofi 

filosofi 

filosofi a 

Phlegma 

flegma 

Flegma 

flegma 

flegma 

phlegmatisch  flegmatisch 

flegmatisk 

flegmatisk 

tlegmatitcheski 

phosphorisch  phosphorisch 

fosforsur 

fosforisk 

fosforitcheski 

Phosphor 

phosphorus 

Fosfor 

fosfor 

fosfor 

Photograph 

photograaf 

Fotograf 

fotograf 

fotograf 

Photographiephotografie 

Fotografl 

fotografl 

fotografla 

Phrase 

phrase 

Frase 

fras 

fraza 

Phraseologie  phraseologie 

Fraseologi 

fraseologi 

frazeologia 

Phrenolog 

frenoloog 

Frenolog 

frenolog 

frenolog 

Phrenologie 

frenologie 

Frenologi 

frenologi 

frenologia 

physisch 

physisch 

fysikalsk 

fysisk 

fizitcheski 

III 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Physics 

physique 

fisica 

physica 

fisica 

Physiognomist 

physionomiste  fisionomista 

physionomista  fisonomista 

Physiognomy 

physionomie 

fisionomia 

physionomia 

fisonomia 

Physiologist  physiologiste 

fisiologista 

physiologists 

.   fisiologo 

Physiology 

physiologic 

fisiologia 

physiologia 

fisiologia 

Piano 

piano 

piano 

piano 

piano 

Pianoforte 

pianoforte 

pianoforte 

pianoforte 

pianoforte 

Piaster 

piastre 

piastra 

piastra 

piastra 

Picket 

piquet 

piquete 

piquete 

picchetto 

Pike  (weap. 

)  pique 

pica 

pique 

picca 

Pilaster 

pilastre 

pilastra 

pilastra 

pilastro 

Pilgrim 

pelerin 

peregrino 

peregrino 

pellegrino 

Pilgrimage 

pelerinage 

peregrinacioE 

I  peregrina^ao 

pellegrinaggio 

Pill 

pilule 

pildora 

pilula 

pillola 

Pillar 

pilier 

pilar 

pilar 

pilone 

Pipe 

pipe 

pipa 

pipa 

pippa 

Pirate 

pirate 

pirata 

pirata 

pirata 

Pistol 

pistolet 

pistola 

pistola 

pistola 

Plan 

plan 

piano 

piano 

pianta 

Planet 

planete 

planeta 

planeta 

pianeta 

Planetary 

planetaire 

planetario 

planetario 

planetario 

Plantation 

plantation 

plantacion 

plantagao 

piantagione 

Planter 

planteur 

plantador 

plantador 

piantatore 

Plaster 

platre 

emplasto 

emplastro 

impiastro 

Plastic 

plastique 

plastico 

plastico 

plastico 

Plate 

plaque 

plancha 

prancha 

piatto 

Platina 

platine 

platina 

platina 

platina 

Platonic 

platonique 

platonico 

platonico 

platonico 

Plebeian,  a. 

plebeien 

plebeyo 

plebeo 

plebeo 

Plebeian,  n. 

plebeien 

plebeyo 

plebeo 

plebeo 

Pleiads 

pleiades 

pleyades 

pleiadas 

plejadi 

Pleurisy 

pleuresie 

pleuresia 

pleuris 

pleurisia 

Pneumatic 

pneumatique 

neumatico 

pneumatico 

pneumatico 

Pneumatics 

pneumatique 

neumatica 

pneumatica 

pneumatica 

Poesy 

poesie 

poesia 

poesia 

poesia 

Poet 

poete 

poeta 

poeta 

poeta 

Poetic 

poetique 

poetico 

poetic® 

poetico 

Point 

pointe 

punta 

ponta 

punto 

Polar 

polaire 

polar 

polar 

polare 

112 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Physik 

physika 

Fysik 

fysik 

fizika 

Physiognom  physionomist 

:   Fysiognom 

fysionom 

fizionomist 

Physiognomie 

physionomie 

Fysiognomi 

fysionomi 

fizionomia 

Physiolog 

physioloog 

Fysiolog 

fysiolog 

fiziolog 

Physiologic 

physiologie 

Fysiologi 

fysiologi 

fiziologia 

Piano 

piano 

Piano 

piano 

pianino 

Pianoforte 

pianoforte 

Fortepiano 

fortepiano 

fortepiano 

Piaster 

piaster 

Piaster 

piaster 

piastr 

Piket 

piket 

Piket 

piket 

piket 

Pike 

piek 

Pig 

pik 

pika 

Pilaster 

pilaster 

Pilaster 

pilaster 

pilyastra 

Pilger 

pelgrim 

Pilegrim 

pilgrim 

piligrim 

Pilgerschaft 

pelgrimage 

Pilegrimsreise  pilgrimsfard 

piligrimstvo 

Pille 

pil 

Pille 

piller 

pilyulya 

Pfeiler 

pilaar 

Pille 

pelare 

pillers 

Pfeife 

PiJP 

Pibe 

pipa 

pipa  (spl.) 

Pirat 

piraat 

Pirat 

pirat 

pirat 

Pistole 

pistool 

Pistol 

pistol 

pistolet 

Plan 

plan 

Plan 

plan 

plan 

Planet 

planeet 

Planet 

planet 

planeta 

planetarisch  planetarisch 

planetarisk 

planetarisk 

planetnyi 

Pflanzung 

plantaage 

Plantning 

plantering 

plantatzia 

Pflanzer 

planter 

Planter 

planterare 

plantator 

Pflaster 

pleister 

Plaster 

plaster 

plastyr' 

plastisch 

plastisch 

plastisk 

plastisk 

plastitcheski 

Platte 

plaat 

Plade 

plat 

plita 

Platina 

platina 

Platina 

platina 

platina 

platonisch 

platonisch 

platonisk 

platonisk 

platonitcheski 

plebejisch 

plebeisch 

plebejisk 

plebejisk 

plebeiski 

Plebejer 

plebejer 

Plebeier 

plebej 

plebei 

Plejaden 

pleiaden 

Plejaderne 

pleiaderna 

pleyady 

Pleuritis 

pleuris 

Pleuritis 

plevresi 

plerezia 

pneumatisch 

pneumatiek 

pneumatisk 

pneumatisk 

pnevmatitcheski 

Pneumatik 

pneumatiek 

Pneumatik 

pneumatik 

pnevmatika 

Poesie 

poezie 

Poesi 

poesi 

poezia 

Poet 

poeet 

Poet 

poet 

poet 

poetisch 

poetisch 

poetisk 

poetisk 

poetitcheski 

Punkt 

punt 

Punkt 

punkt 

punkt 

Polar 

pool 

polar 

polarisk 

polyarnyi 

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Italian 

Pole  (geog.; 

)  p61e 

polo 

polo 

polo 

Polemic 

polemique 

polemico 

polemico 

polemico 

Polemics 

polemique 

polemica 

polemica 

polemica 

Police 

police 

policia 

policia 

polizia 

Polish 

polonais 

polaco 

polaco 

pollacco 

Political 

politique 

politico 

politico 

politico 

Politician 

politique 

politico 

politico 

politico 

Politics 

politique 

politica 

politica 

politica 

Polygon 

polygone 

poligono 

polygono 

poligono 

Polypus 

polype 

polipo 

polypo 

polipo 

Pomade 

pommade 

pomada 

pomada 

pomata 

Pontoon 

ponton 

ponton 

pontao 

pontone 

Pope 

pape 

papa 

papa 

papa 

Popery 

papisme 

papismo 

papismo 

papismo 

Popular 

populaire 

popular 

popular 

popolare 

Popularity 

popularite 

popularidad 

popularidade 

popolarita 

Porphyry 

porphyr 

porfido 

porfido 

porfido 

Port 

port 

puerto 

porto 

porto 

Portal 

portail 

portal 

portal 

portone 

Porter 

porteur 

portero 

porteiro 

portiere 

Portico 

portique 

portico 

portico 

portico 

Portrait 

portrait 

retrato 

retrato 

ritratto 

Position 

position 

posicion 

posigao 

posizione 

Positive 

positif 

positivo 

positivo 

positivo 

Post 

poste 

posta 

posta 

posta 

Postilion 

postilion 

postilion 

postilhao 

postiglione 

Potash 

potasse 

potasa 

potassa 

potassa 

Powder 

poudre 

polvo 

polvora 

polvere 

Practical 

pratique 

practico 

pratico 

pratico 

Practice 

pratique 

practica 

pratica 

pratica 

Practise 

pratiquer 

practicar 

praticar 

praticare 

Pragmatic 

pragmatique 

pragmatico 

pragmatico 

prammatico 

Prefect 

prefet 

prefecto 

prefeito 

prefetto 

Prelate 

pr^lat 

prelado 

prelado 

prelato 

Prelude 

prelude 

preludio 

preludio 

preludio 

Premium 

prime 

premio 

premio 

premio 

Preparation 

preparation 

preparacion 

preparagao 

preparazione 

Presbyterian  presbyterien 

presbiteriano 

presbyteriano 

1  presbiteriano 

President 

president 

presidente 

presidente 

presidente 

114 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweelan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Pol 

pool 

Pol 

pol 

polyus 

polemisch 

polemisch 

polemisk 

polemisk 

polemitcheski 

Polemik 

polemiek 

Polemik 

polemik 

polemika 

Polizei 

policie 

Politi 

polis 

politzia 

polnisch 

poolsch 

polsk 

polsk 

polirovka 

politiscli 

politick 

politisk 

politisk 

polititcheski 

Politiker 

politikus 

Politiker 

politiker 

politik 

Politik 

politiek 

Politik 

politik 

politika 

Polygon 

polygoon 

Polygon 

polygon 

poligon 

Polyp 

poliep 

Polyp 

polyp 

polip 

Pomade 

pomade 

Pomade 

pomada 

pomada 

Ponton 

pont 

Ponton 

ponton 

ponton 

Papst 

pans 

Pave 

pafve 

papa 

Papstthum 

pausdom 

Papisme 

papism 

papizm 

popular 

populair 

populser 

popular 

populyarnyi 

Popularitat 

populariteit 

Popularitet 

popularitet 

populyarnost' 

Porphyr 

porfier 

Porfyr 

porfyr 

porfir 

P forte 

poort 

Port 

port,  spl. 

port 

Portal 

portaal 

Portal 

portal 

portal 

Pfortner 

portier 

Portner 

portier 

porter,  spl. 

Portikus 

portiek 

Portikus 

portik 

portik 

Portrat 

portret 

Portrset 

portrait 

portret 

Position 

positie 

Position 

position 

positzia 

positiv 

positief 

positiv 

positiv 

pozitivnyi 

Posten 

post 

Post 

post 

post 

Postilion 

postilion 

Postiljon 

postiljon 

potchtar' 

Pottasche 

potasch 

Potaske 

pottaska 

potash 

Pulver 

poeder 

Pulver 

pulver 

pudra,  spl. 

praktisch 

praktisch 

praktisk 

praktisk 

praktitcheski 

Praxis 

praktijk 

Praxis 

praktik 

praktika 

praktiziren 

praktizeeren 

praktisere 

praktisera 

praktikovat' 

pragmatisch 

pragmatisch 

pragmatisk 

pragmatisk 

pragmatitcheski 

Prafekt 

prefekt 

Prsefekt 

prefekt 

prefekt 

Pralat 

prelaat 

Prselat 

prelat 

prelat 

Praludium 

prelude 

Praeludium 

preludium 

prelyudia 

Pramie 

premie 

Prsemie 

premie 

premia 

Praparat 

preparaat 

Praeparat 

preparat 

preparat 

Presbyterianer 

presbyteriaan 

Presbyterianer  presby  terian 

presviterianin 

Prasident 

president 

Prsesident 

president 

prezident 

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Spanish 

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Italian 

Press 

presse 

prensa 

prensa 

pressa 

Press,  V. 

presser 

prensar 

imprensar 

pressare 

Pretend 

pretendre 

pretender 

pretender 

pretendere 

Pretender 

pretendant 

pretendiente 

pretendente 

pretendente 

Pretension 

pretention 

pretension 

pretensao 

pretensione 

Pretor 

preteur 

pretor 

pretor 

pretore 

Primacy 

primatie 

primacia 

primacia 

primazia 

Prince 

prince 

principe 

principe 

principe 

Princess 

princesse 

princesa 

princeza 

principessa 

Principle 

principe 

principio 

principio 

principio 

Prism 

prisme 

prisma 

prisma 

prisma 

Prismatic 

prismatique 

prismatico 

prismatico 

prismatico 

Private 

prive 

privado 

privado 

privato 

Privilege 

privilege 

privilegio 

privilegio 

privilegio 

Problem 

probleme 

problema 

problema 

problema 

Problematic 

problematiqu 

e  problematico 

problematico 

problematico 

Process 

proces 

proceso 

processo 

processo 

Procession 

procession 

procesion 

procissao 

processione 

Proclaim 

proclamer 

proclamar 

proclamar 

proclamare 

Proclamation  proclamation 

proclamacion 

proclamagao 

proclama 

Proconsul 

proconsul 

proconsul 

proconsul 

proconsolo 

Product 

produit 

producto 

producto 

prodotto 

Production 

production 

produccion 

producgao 

produzione 

Profession 

profession 

profesion 

profissao 

professione 

Professor 

professeur 

profesor 

professor 

professore 

Profile 

profil 

perfil 

profil 

profilo 

Program 

programme 

programa 

programma 

programma 

Progression 

progression 

progresion 

progress© 

progressione 

Progressive 

progressif 

progresivo 

progressivo 

progressivo 

Project 

projet 

proyecto 

proj  ecto 

progetto 

Proletary 

proletaire 

proletario 

proletario 

proletario 

Proof 

preuve 

prueba 

prova 

prova 

Propaganda 

propagande 

propaganda 

propaganda 

propaganda 

Proportion 

proportion 

proporcion 

propor^ao 

proporzione 

Prosaic 

prosaique 

prosaico 

prosaico 

prosaico 

Prose 

prose 

prosa 

prosa 

prosa 

Proselyte 

proselyte 

proselito 

proselyto 

proselito 

Prosody 

prosodie 

prosodia 

prosodia 

prosodia 

Protector 

protecteur 

protector 

protector 

protettore 

Ii6 


German 

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Danlsh- 
Norwecian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Presse 

pers 

Presse 

press 

press 

pressen 

persen 

presse 

pressa 

prizhimat' 

pratendiren 

pretendeeren 

praetendere 

pretendera 

pretendovat' 

Pratendent 

pretendent 

Prsetendent 

pretendent 

pretendent 

Pratension 

pretentie 

Prjetension 

pretention 

pretenzia 

Prator 

pretor 

Praetor 

pretor 

pretor 

Primat 

primaat 

Primat 

primat 

primatstvo 

Prinz 

prins 

Prins 

prins 

printz 

Prinzessin 

prinses 

Prinsesse 

prinsessa 

printzessa 

Prinzip 

principe 

Princip 

princip 

printzip 

Prisma 

prisma 

Prisma 

prisma 

prizma 

prismatiscli 

prismatiscli 

prismatisk 

prismatisk 

prizmatitcheski 

privat 

privaat 

privat 

privat 

privatnyi 

Privilegium 

privilegie 

Privilegium 

privilegium 

privilegia 

Problem 

probleem 

Problem 

problem 

problema 

problematisch 

problematisch  problematisk 

problematisk 

problematitcheski 

Prozess 

proces 

Proces 

process 

protzes 

Prozession 

processie 

Procession 

procession 

protzessia 

proklamiren 

proklameeren 

proklamere 

proklamera 

provozglashat' 

Proklamationproklamatie 

Proklamation 

proklamation 

proklamatzia 

Proconsul 

proconsul 

Prokonsul 

prokonsul 

prokonsul 

Produkt 

produkt 

Produktion 

produkt 

produkt 

Produkt 

produktie 

Produkt 

produktion 

produkt 

Profession 

professie 

Profession 

profession 

professia 

Professor 

professor 

Professor 

professor 

professor 

Profil 

profiel 

Profil 

profil 

profir 

Programm 

programma 

Program 

program 

programma 

Progression 

progressie 

Progression 

progression 

progressia 

progressiv 

progressief 

progressiv 

progressiv 

progresivnyi 

Project 

projekt 

Projekt 

projekt 

proekt 

Proletariat 

proletariaat 

Proletariat 

proletar 

proletari 

Probe 

proef 

Prove 

prof 

proba 

Propaganda 

propaganda 

Propaganda 

propaganda 

propaganda 

Proportion 

proportie 

Proportion 

proportion 

proportzia 

prosaisch 

prozaisch 

prosaisk 

prosaisk 

prozaitcheski 

Prosa 

proza 

Prosa 

prosa 

proza 

Proselyt 

proseliet 

Proselyt 

proselyt 

prozelit 

Prosodie 

prosodie 

Prosodi 

prosodi 

prosodia 

Protector 

protektor 

Protektor 

protektor 

protektor 

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Protest,  n. 

protet 

protesto 

protesto 

protesta 

Protest,  V. 

protester 

protestar 

protestar 

protestare 

Protestant,n 

i.protestant 

protestante 

protestante 

protestante 

Protestant, a 

.  protestant 

protestante 

protestante 

protestante 

Protestantism 

protestantisme  protestantismo  protestantismo  protestantismo 

Protestation 

protestation 

protestacion 

protesta^ao 

protestazione 

Protocol 

protocole 

protocolo 

protocollo 

protocollo 

Prove 

prouver 

probar 

provar 

provare 

Province 

province 

provincia 

provincia 

provincia 

Provincial 

provincial 

provincial 

provincial 

provinciale 

Provisions 

provisions 

provision 

provis5es 

provvisione 

Psalm 

psaume 

salmo 

psalmo 

salmo 

Psalmist 

psalmiste 

salmista 

psalmista 

salmista 

Pseudonym 

pseudonyme 

seudonimo 

pseudonimo 

pseudonimo 

Psychological 

psychologique  sicologico 

psychologico 

psicologico 

Psychologist  psychologue 

sicologo 

psychologo 

psicologista 

Psychology 

psychologic 

sicologia 

psychologia 

psicologia 

Public,  n. 

public 

publico 

publico 

pubblico 

Publish 

publier 

publicar 

publicar 

pubblicare 

Pudding 

pouding 

pudin 

pudim 

pudding 

Pulse 

pouls 

pulso 

pulso 

polso 

Pump 

pompe 

bomba 

bomba 

pompa 

Punch  (dr'k)  punch 

ponche 

ponche 

ponce 

Punctual 

ponctuel 

puntual 

pontual 

puntuale 

Puritan,  n. 

puritain 

puritano 

puritano 

puritano 

Puritanic 

puritain 

puritano 

puritano 

puritanico 

Purple,  n. 

pourpre 

purpura 

purpura 

porpora 

Pygmy 

pygmee 

pigmeo 

pygmeo 

pigmeo 

Pyramid 

pyramide 

piramide 

pyramide 

piramide 

Pyramidal 

pyramidal 

piramidal 

pyramidal 

piramidale 

Pyrotechnic 

pyrotechnique  pirotecnico 

pyrotechnico 

pirotecnico 

Pythagorean 

Q 

Quadrature 

I  pythagoricien 

pitagorico 

pythagorico 

pittagorico 

quadrature 

cuadratura 

quadratura 

quadratura 

Quadrille 

quadrille 

cuadrillo 

quadrilha 

quadriglio 

Quaker 

quaker 

cuaquero 

quaker 

quacchero 

Quarantine 

quarantaine 

cuarentena 

quarentena 

quarantina 

Quarter  (place) 

quartier 

cuartel 

quartel 

quartiere 

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German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

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Protest 

protest 

Protest 

protest 

protest 

protestiren 

protesteeren 

protestere 

protestera 

protestovat' 

Protestant 

protestant 

Protestant 

protestant 

protestant 

protestantisch 

protestantsch 

protestantisk 

protestantisk 

protestantski 

Protestantismus  protestantismus 

Protestantismeprotestantism 

protestantstvo 

Protestation 

protest 

Protest 

protest 

protestovanie 

Protokoll 

protokol 

Protokol 

protokoll 

protokol 

probiren,  spl.  probeeren 

prove 

profva 

probovat' 

Provinz 

provincie 

Provins 

provins 

provintzia 

provinziell 

provinciaal 

provinciel 

provinsiel 

provintzial'nyi 

Proviant 

proviand 

Proviant 

proviant 

proviant 

Psalm 

psalm 

Salme 

psalm 

psalom 

Psalmist 

psalmist 

Salmist 

psalmist 

psalomnik 

Pseudonym 

pseudoniem 

Pseudonym 

pseudonym 

psevdonim 

psychologisch 

psychologisch  psykologisk 

psykologisk 

psikhologitcheski 

Psycholog 

psychologist 

Psykolog 

psykolog 

psikholog 

Psychologie 

psychologie 

Psykologi 

psykologi 

psikhologia 

Publicum 

publiek 

Publikum 

publik 

publika 

publiciren 

publiceeren 

publicere 

publicera 

publikovat' 

Pudding 

pudding 

Pudding 

pudding 

puding 

Puis 

pols 

Puis 

puis 

pul's 

Pumpe 

pomp 

Pumpe 

pump 

pompa 

Punsch 

punch 

Punsch 

punsch 

punsh 

piinctlich 

punctueel 

punktlig 

punktlig 

punktual'nyi 

Puritaner 

puiitein 

Puritaner 

puritan 

puritanin 

puritanisch 

puriteinsch 

puritansk 

puritansk 

puritanski 

Purpur 

purper 

Purpur 

purpur 

purpur 

Pigmae 

pygmee 

Pygmse 

pygme 

pigmei 

Pyramide 

piramide 

Pyramide 

pyramid 

piramida 

pyramidalisch 

pyramidaal 

pyramidalsk 

pyramidalisk 

piramidal'nyi 

pyrotechnisch 

pyrotechnisch  pyroteknisk 

pyroteknisk 

pirotekhnitcheski 

pythagoraisch 

Q 

Quadratur 

pythagorisch 

pytagoraeisk 

pythagoreisk 

pifagoritcheski 

kwadratuur 

Kvadratur 

qvatratur 

kvadratura 

Quadrille 

quadrille 

Kvadrille 

kadrilj 

kadrir 

Quaker 

kwaker 

Kvaeker 

qviikare 

kvaker 

Quarantane 

quarantaine 

Karantaene 

karantan 

karantin 

Quartier 

kwartier 

Kvarter 

qvarter 

kvartira 

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Quartet 

quartette 

cuarteto 

quarteto 

quartetto 

Quartz 

quartz 

cuarzo 

quartzo 

quarzo 

Quinine 

quinine 

quinina 

quinina 

chinino 

Quintessence  quintessence 

quinta  esencia  quintaessencia  quintessenza 

Quintet 
R 

quintette 

quinteto 

quinteto 

quintette 

Rabbi 

rabbin 

rabino 

rabbi 

rabbino 

Race  (eth.) 

race 

raza 

ra^a 

razza 

Racket 

raquette 

raqueta 

raqueta 

racchetta 

Radical 

radical 

radical 

radical 

radicale 

Radish 

radis 

rabano 

rabao 

ravano 

Radius 

radius 

radio 

radio 

raggio 

Ratify 

ratifier 

ratificar 

ratificar 

ratificare 

Ration 

ration 

racion 

ragao 

razione 

Rational 

rationnel 

racional 

racional 

razionale 

Rationalism 

rationalisme 

racionalismo 

racionalismo 

razzionalismo 

Reaction 

reaction 

reaccion 

reacgao 

reazione 

Real 

reel 

real 

real 

reale 

Reality 

realite 

realidad 

realidade 

realta 

Realize 

realiser 

realizar 

realizar 

realizzare 

Recitative 

recitatif 

recitativo 

recitativo 

recitativo 

Recruit 

recrue 

recluta 

recruta 

recluta 

Rector 

recteur 

rector 

rector 

rettore 

Redout 

redoute 

reducto 

reduto 

ridotto 

Reef 

ris 

rizo 

rizes,  pi. 

rizze 

Refine 

raffiner 

refinar 

refinar 

raffinare 

Reform,  n. 

re  forme 

reforma 

reforma 

riforma 

Reformation 

reformation 

reformacion 

reformagao 

riformazione 

Reformer 

reformateur 

reformador 

reformador 

riformatore 

Regalia 

regalien 

regalia 

regalia 

regalia 

Regency 

regence 

regencia 

regencia 

reggenza 

Regent 

regent 

regente 

regente 

reggente 

Register,  n. 

registre 

registro 

registro 

registro 

Registrar 

registrateur 

registrador 

registrador 

registratore 

Regular 

regulier 

regular 

regular 

regolare 

Rgularity 

regularite 

regularidad 

regularidade 

regolarita 

Regulate 

regler 

regular 

regular 

regolare 

Regulation 

reglement 

regulacion 

regula^ao 

regolamento 

1 20 


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Danlsh- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Quartett 

quartet 

Kvartet 

qvartett 

kvartet 

Quartz 

kwarts 

Kvarts 

qvarts 

kvartz 

Chinin 

kina 

Kinin 

kinin 

khinin 

Quintessenz 

quintessens 

Kvintessens 

qvintessens 

kvintessentzia 

Quintett 

R 
Rabbi 

kuintet 

Kvintet 

qvintett 

kvintet 

rabbijn 

Rabbiner 

rabbin 

ravvin 

Rasse 

ras 

Race 

ras 

rasa 

Rackett 

raket 

Raket 

raket 

raketa 

radikal 

radikaal 

radikal 

radikal 

radikal' nyi 

Rettig 

radijs 

Raeddik 

radisa 

ryed'ka 

Radius 

radius 

Radius 

radie 

radius 

ratificiren 

ratificeeren 

ratificere 

ratificera 

ratifikovat' 

Ration 

rantsoen 

Ration 

ration 

ratzion 

rationell 

rationeel 

rational 

rationell 

ratzional'nyi 

Rationalism 

rationalismus 

Rationalisme 

rationalism 

ratzionalizm 

Reaktion 

reaktie 

Reaktion 

reaktion 

reaktzia 

real 

reaal 

real 

real 

real'nyi 

Realitat 

realiteit 

Realitet 

realitet 

real'nost' 

realisiren 

realiseeren 

realisere 

realisera 

realizirovat' 

Recitativ 

recitatief 

Recitativ 

recitativ 

retchitativ 

Rekrut 

rekruut 

Rekrut 

rekryt 

rekrut 

Rektor 

rector 

Rektor 

rektor 

rektor 

Redute 

redoute 

Redoute 

redutt 

redut 

Reff 

rif 

Rev 

ref 

rif 

raffiniren 

raflSneeren 

raflBuere 

rafiinera 

rafinirovat* 

Reform 

reform,  spl. 

Reform 

reform 

reform  a 

Reformation 

reformatie 

Reformation 

reformation 

reformatzia 

Reformator 

reformator 

Reformator 

reformator 

reformator 

Regalien 

regalia 

Regalier 

regalier 

regalii 

Regentschaft  regentschap 

Regentskab 

regentskap 

regentstvo 

Regent 

regent 

Regent 

regent 

regent 

Register 

register 

Register 

register 

registr 

Registrator 

registrateur 

Registrator 

registrator 

registrator 

regular 

regulier 

regulaer 

reguliar 

regulyarnyi 

Regularit'at 

regulariteit 

Regelmaessighed 

regularitet 

regulyarnost' 

reguliren 

reguleeren 

regulere 

reglera 

regulirovat' 

Regulirung 

reglement 

Regulering 

reglering 

reglament 

121 


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Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Regulator 

regulateur 

regulador 

regulador 

regolatore 

Relief 

relief 

relevo 

relevo 

relievo 

Religion 

religion 

religion 

religiao 

religione 

Religious 

religieux 

religioso 

religioso 

religioso 

Renegade 

renegat 

renegado 

renegado 

rinnegato 

Repeat 

repeter 

repetir 

repetir 

ripetere 

Repertory 

repertoire 

repertorio 

repertorio 

repertorio 

Repetition 

repetition 

repeticion 

repetigao 

ripetizione 

Republic 

republique 

republica 

republica 

repubblica 

Republican, 

a  republicain 

republicano 

republicano 

repubblicano 

Republican,: 

nrepublicain 

republicano 

republicano 

repubblicano 

Reputation 

reputation 

reputacion 

reputagao 

riputazione 

Requiem 

requiem 

requiem 

requie 

requiem 

Requisition 

requisition 

requisicion 

requisigao 

requisizione 

Rescript 

rescrit 

rescripto 

rescripto 

rescritto 

Reserve 

reserve 

reserva 

reserva 

riserva 

Reservoir 

reservoir 

reservatorio 

reservatorio 

serbatojo 

Residence 

residence 

residencia 

residencia 

residenza 

Resident,  n. 

resident 

residente 

residente 

residente 

Resolution 

resolution 

resolucion 

resolu^ao 

risoluzione 

Restore 

restituer 

restituir 

restaurar 

restituire 

Result 

resultat 

result  a 

resalto 

risultato 

Retire 

retirer 

retirarse 

retirarse 

ritirarsi 

Retort 

retorte  (chem.)retorta 

retorta  (ch.) 

storta 

Reverence 

reverence 

reverencia 

reverencia 

riverenza 

Revise 

reviser 

revisar 

rever 

rivedere 

Revision 

revision 

revision 

revisao 

revisione 

Revolution 

revolution 

revolucion 

revolu9ao 

rivoluzione 

Rhapsodist 

rapsodiste 

rapsodista 

rapsodista 

rapsodista 

Rhapsody 

rapsodie 

rapsodia 

rapsodia 

rapsodia 

Rhetoric 

rhetorique 

retorica 

rhetorica 

rettorica 

Rheumatic 

rhumatique 

reumatico 

rheumatico 

reumatico 

Rheumatism  rhumatisme 

reumatismo 

rheumatismo 

reumatismo 

Rhinoceros 

rhinoceros 

rinoceronte 

rhinoceronte 

rinoceronte 

Rhythm 

rhythme 

ritmo 

rhythmo 

ritmo 

Rhythmical 

rhythmique 

ritmico 

rhythmico 

ritmico 

Rice 

riz 

arroz 

arroz 

riso 

Rime,  v. 

rimer 

rimar 

rimar 

rimare 

Rime,  n. 

rime 

rima 

rima 

rima 

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Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Regulator 

regulateur 

Regulator 

regulator 

regulyator 

Relief 

relief 

Relief 

relief 

rel'ef,  spl. 

Religion 

religie 

Religion 

religion 

religia 

religios 

religieus 

religios 

religios 

religioznyi 

Renegat 

renegaat 

Renegat 

renegat 

renegat 

repetiren 

repeteeren 

repetere 

repetera 

repetirovat' 

Repertorium 

repertorium 

Repertorium 

repertorium 

repertuar 

Repetition 

repetitie 

Repetition 

repetition 

repetitzia 

Republik 

republiek 

Republik 

republik 

respublika 

republikanisch 

republiekeinsch 

republikansk 

republikansk 

respublikanski 

Republikaner  republiekeiu 

Republikaner 

republikan 

respublikanetz 

Reputation 

reputatie 

Reputation 

reputation 

reputatzia 

Requiem 

requiem 

Rekviem 

reqviem 

rekviem 

Requisition 

requisitie 

Rekvisition 

reqvisition 

rekvisitzia 

Rescript 

rescript 

Reskript 

reskript 

reskript 

Reserve 

reserve 

Reserve 

reserv 

rezerv 

Reservoir 

reservoir 

Reservoir 

reservoar 

rezervuar 

Residenz 

residentie 

Residens 

residens 

rezidentzia 

Resident 

resident 

Resident 

resident 

rezident 

Resolution 

resolutie 

Resolution 

resolution 

rezolyutzia 

restituiren 

restaureeren 

restaurere 

restaurera 

restavrirovat' 

Resultat 

resultaat 

Resultat 

resultat 

rezul'tat 

retiriren 

retireeren 

retirere 

retirera 

retirovat'sya 

Retorte 

retort 

Retorte  (ch.) 

retort 

retorta  (ch.) 

Reverenz 

reverentie 

Reverens 

reverens 

reverans 

revidiren 

revideeren 

revidere 

revidera 

revizovat' 

Revision 

revisie 

Revision 

revision 

revizia 

Revolution 

revolutie 

Revolution 

revolution 

revolyutzia 

Rliapsodist 

rhapsodist 

Rapsodist 

rapsod 

rapsod 

Rhapsodie 

rhapsodie 

Rapsodi 

rapsodi 

rapsodia 

Rhetorik 

rhetoriek 

Retorik 

retorik 

ritorika 

rheumatisch 

rheumatiek 

reumatisk 

reumatisk 

revmatitcheski 

Rheumatism  rheumatismus  Reuniatisme 

reumatism 

revmatizm 

Rhinoceros 

rinoceros 

Rhinoceros 

rhinoceros 

nosorog 

Rhythmus 

rhythmus 

Rytmus 

rytm 

ritm 

rhythmisch 

rhythmisch 

rytmisk 

rytmisk 

ritmitcheski 

Reis 

rijst 

Ris 

ris 

ris 

reimen 

rijmen 

rime 

rimma 

rifmovat' 

Reim 

rijm 

Rim 

rim 

rifma 

123 


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Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Risk,  V. 

risquer 

arriesgar 

arriscar 

arrischiare 

Risk,  n. 

risque 

riesgo 

risco 

rischio 

Rob 

derober 

robar 

roubar 

rubare 

Roman,  a. 

romain 

romano 

romano 

romano 

Romance 

roman 

romance 

romance 

romanzo 

Romantic 

romantique 

romantico 

romantico 

romantico 

Rose 

rose 

rosa 

rosa 

rosa 

Roset 

rosette 

roseta 

roseta 

rosetta 

Rosy- 

rose 

roseo 

rosado 

rosato 

Rotunda 

rotonde 

rotunda 

rotunda 

rotonda 

Routine 

routine 

rutina 

rotina 

routine 

Royalist,  n. 

royaliste 

realista 

realista 

realista 

Ruble 

rouble 

rublo 

rublo 

rublo 

Rubric 

rubrique 

riibrica 

rubro          , 

rubrica 

Ruby 

rubis 

rubi 

rubi 

rubino 

Rum 

rhum 

ron 

rum 

rum 

Rupee 

roupie 

rupia 

rupia 

rupea 

Russia 

la  Russie 

Rusia 

Russia 

Russia 

Russian,  a. 

russe 

ruso 

russo 

russo 

Russian,  n. 

S 
Sabbath 

Russe 

Ruso 

Russo 

Russ 

sabbat 

sabado 

sabbado 

sabbato 

Saber 

sabre 

sable 

sabre 

sciabla 

Sack 

sac 

saco 

sacco 

sacco 

Saddle 

selle 

silla 

sella 

sella 

Saddler 

sellier 

sillero 

selleiro 

sellajo 

Sadducee 

saduceen 

saduceo 

saduceo 

sadduceo 

Saflfron 

safran 

azafran 

agafrao 

zaflferano 

Sago 

sagon 

sagui 

sagu 

sago 

Salad 

salade 

ensalada 

salada 

insalata 

Salamander 

salamandre 

salamandra 

salamandra 

salamandra 

SaloonCroon: 

i)salon 

salon 

salao 

salone 

Salt 

sel 

sal 

sal 

sale 

Saltpeter 

salpetre 

salitre 

salitre 

salnitro 

Salute 

saluer 

saludar 

salvar 

salutare 

Sanction 

sanction 

sancion 

sancgao 

sanzione 

Sandal 

sandale 

sandalia 

sandalia 

sandalo 

Sapper 

sapeur 

zapador 

sapador 

zappatore 

124 


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Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

riskiren 

riskeeren 

risikere 

riskera 

riskovat' 

Risico 

risiko 

Risiko 

risk 

risk 

rauben 

rooven    • 

rov'e 

rofva 

grabit* 

romisch 

romeinsch 

romersk 

romersk 

rimski 

Roman 

roman 

Roman 

roman 

roman 

romantisch 

romantisch 

romantisk 

romantisk 

romantitcheski 

Rose 

roos 

Rose 

ros 

roza 

Rosette 

rozet 

Rosette 

rosett 

rozetka 

rosig 
Rotunde 

roosachtig 
rotonde 

rosenrod 
Rotunde 

rosig 
rotunda 

rozovyi 
rotonda 

Routine 

routine 

Rutine 

rutin 

rutina 

Royalist 
Rubel 

royalist 
roebel 

Royalist 
Rubel 

rojalist 
rubel 

royalist 
rubl' 

Rubrik 

rubriek 

Rubrik 

rubrik 

rubrika 

Rubin 

robijn 

Rubin 

rubin 

rubin 

Rum 

rum 

Rum 

rom 

rom 

Rupie 
Russland 

ropij 
Rusland 

Rupi 
Rusland 

rupi 
Ryssland 

rupia 
Rossi  a 

russisch 

russisch 

russisk 

rysk 

russki 

Russe 

S 
Sabbath 

Rus 

Russer 

Ryss 

Ross 

sabbat 

Sabbat 

sabbat 

shabash 

Sabel 

sabel 

Sabel 

sabel 

sablya 

Sack 

zak 

Sffik 

sack 

sak 

Sattel 

zadel 

Sadel 

sadel 

syedlo 

Sattler 

zadelmaker 

Sadelmager 

sadelmakare 

syedel'nik 

Sadducaer 

sadducceer 

Sadducseer 

sadduce 

sadukei 

Saffran 

saffraan 

Safran 

safifran 

shafran 

Sago 

Salat 

sago 
salade 

Sago 
Salat 

sago 
salad 

sago 
salat 

Salamander 

salamander 

Salamander 

salamander 

salamandra 

Salon 

salon 

Salon 

salong 

zala 

Salz 

zout 

Salt 

salt 

sol' 

Saltpeter 
salutiren 

salpeter 
saluteeren 

Salpeter 
salutere 

salpeter 
salutera 

selitra 
salyutovat' 

Sanktion 

sanctie 

Sanktion 

sanktion 

sanktzia 

Sandale 

sandaal 

Sandal 

sandal 

sandalia 

Sappeur 

sappeur 

Sappor 

sappor 

saper 

125 


English 

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Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Sapphire 

saphir 

zafiro 

safira 

zaffiro 

Sarcastic 

sarcastique 

sarcastico 

sarcastico 

sarcastico 

Sarcophagus  sarcophage 

sarcofago 

sarcophago 

sarcofago 

Sardine 

sardine 

sardina 

sardinha 

sardina 

Sardonic 

sardonique 

sardonico 

sardonico 

sardonico 

Sardonyx 

sardoine 

sardonix 

sardonica 

sardonico 

Sarsaparilla 

salsepareille 

zarzaparrilla 

salsaparrilha 

salsapariglia 

Sassafras 

sassafras 

sasafras 

sassafraz 

sassafrasso 

Satan 

Satan 

Satanas 

Satanaz 

Satana 

Satanic 

satanique 

satanico 

satanico 

satanico 

Satire 

satire 

satira 

satyra 

satira 

Satirical 

satirique 

satiric© 

satyrico 

satirico 

Satrap 

satrape 

satrapa 

satrapa 

satrapo 

Saturn 

Saturne 

Saturno 

Saturno 

Saturno 

Satyr 

satyre 

satiro 

satyro 

satiro 

Sauce 

sauce 

salsa 

salsa 

salsa 

Scaffold 

echafaud 

cadalso 

cadafalso 

palco 

Scale 

echelle 

escala 

escala 

scala 

Scalpel 

scalpel 

escalpelo 

escalpello 

scalpello 

Scandal 

scandale 

escandalo 

escandalo 

scandalo 

Scandalous 

scandaleux 

escandaloso 

escandaloso 

scandaloso 

Scarlet,  a. 

ecarlate 

escarlata 

escarlate 

scarlatto 

Scepter 

sceptre 

cetro 

sceptro 

scettro 

School 

ecole 

escuela 

escola 

scuola 

Schooner 

schooner 

escuna 

escuna 

schooner 

Scorpion 

scorpion 

escorpion 

escorpiao 

scorpione 

Scot,  n. 

Ecossais 

Escoces 

Escocez 

Scozzese 

Scottish 

ecossais 

escoces 

escocez 

scozzese 

Scruple 

scrupule 

escrupulo 

escrupulo 

scrupolo 

Season 

saison 

estacion 

esta^ao 

stagione 

Seat,  n. 

siege 

asiento 

assento 

sedia 

Second,  n. 

second 

segundo 

segundo 

second© 

Secretary 

secretaire 

secretario 

secretario 

segretario 

Sect 

secte 

secta 

seita 

setta 

Sectarian,  n. 

sectaire 

sectario 

sectario 

settario 

Section 

section 

seccion 

sec^ao 

sezione 

Segment 

segment 

segmento 

segmento 

segmento 

Seminary 

seminaire 

seminario 

seminario 

seminario 

Senate 

s^nat 

sen ado 

senado 

senato 

126 


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Russian 

Sapphir 
sarkastisch 

saffier 
sarkastisch 

Safir 
sarkastisk 

safir 
sarkastisk 

sapfir 
sarkastitcheski 

Sarkophag 

Sardine 

sardonisch 

sarkofaag 

sardijn 

sardonisch 

Sarkofag 

Sardin 

sardonisk 

sarkofag 

sardin 

sardonisk 

sarkofag 
sardinka 
sardonitcheski 

Sardonyx 
Sarsaparille 
Sassafrass 
Satan 

sardonix 
sarsaparil 
sassefras 
Satan 

Sardonyx 
Sassaparilla 
Sassafras 
Satan 

sardonyx 
sassaparill 
sassafras 
Satan 

sardoniks 
sassaparel' 
sassafras 
Satana 

satanisch 

satansch 

satanisk 

satanisk 

sataninski 

Satire 

satire 

Satire 

satir 

satira 

satirisch 

satiriek 

satirisk 

satirisk 

satiritcheski 

Satrap 
Saturn 

satraap 
Saturnus 

Satrap 
Saturn 

satrap 
Saturnus 

satrap 
Saturn 

Satyr 
Sauce 

Schafifot 

sater 
saus 
schavot 

Satyr 
Saus 
Skafot 

satyr 

sas 

schavott 

satir 
sous 
eshafot 

Scale 

schaal 

Skala 

skala 

skala,  spl. 

Scalpell 
Scandal 

scalpel 
schandaal 

Skalpel 
Skandale 

skalpell 
skandal 

skal'pel' 
skandal 

scandalos 
scharlachen 

schandelijk 
scharlaken 

skandalos 
skarlagen 

skandalos 
skarlakan 

skandal'nyi 
sharlakhovyi 

Scepter 
Schule 

schepter 
school 

Scepter 
Skole 

spira 
skola 

skipetr 
shkola 

Schooner 

schooner 

Skonnert 

skonert 

shkuna 

Skorpion 

Schotte 

schottisch 

schorpioen 

Schot 

schotsch 

Skorpion 

Skotte 

skotsk 

skorpion 

Skotte 

skotsk 

skorpion 

shotlandetz 

shotlandski 

Scrupel 
Saison 

scrupel 
seizoen 

Skrupel 
Saeson 

skrupel 
sasong 

skrupul,  spl. 
sezon 

Sitz 
Secunde 

zetel 
seconde 

Ssede 
Sekund 

sate 
sekund 

sidyen'ie 
sekunda 

Secretar 
Sekte 

Sektirer 

secretaris 

sekte 

sektaris 

Sekretaer 

Sekt 

Sekterer 

sekreterare 

sekt 

sekterist 

sekretar' 

sekta 

sektant 

Section 

sectie 

Sektion 

sektion 

sektzia 

Segment 
Seminarium 

segment 
seminarium 

Segment 
Seminarium 

segment 
seminarium 

segment 
seminaria 

Senat 

senaat 

Senat 

senat 

senat 

127 


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Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Senator 

senateur 

senador 

senador 

senatore 

Senatorial 

senatorial 

senatorio 

senatorio 

senatorio 

Sentence 

sentence 

sentencia 

sentenga 

sentenza 

Sentimental 

sentimental 

sentimental 

sentimental 

sentimentale 

September 

Septembre 

Setiembre 

Setembro 

Settembre 

Sequestrate 

sequestrer 

secuestrar 

sequestrar 

sequestrare 

Seraglio 

serail 

serrallo 

serralho 

serraglio 

Serapli 

seraphin 

serafin 

seraphim 

serafino 

Seraphic 

seraphique 

serafico 

seraphico 

serafico 

Serenade 

serenade 

serenata 

serenata 

serenata 

Serge 

serge 

sarga 

sarja 

sargia 

Sergeant 

sergent 

sargento 

sargento 

sergente 

Session 

session 

sesion 

sessao 

sessione 

Seven 

sept 

siete 

sete 

sette 

Seventeen 

dix-sept 

diez  y  siete 

deza  sete 

diciasette 

Seventeenth 

dix-septieme 

decimo  setimo  decimosetimo  diciasettesimo 

Seventh 

septieme 

setimo 

setimo 

settimo 

Sextant 

sextant 

sextante 

sextante 

sestante 

Shawl 

chale 

chal 

chale 

sciallo 

Sherbet 

sorbet 

sorbete 

sorvete 

sorbetto 

SheriflF 

sherif 

jerif 

cherife 

sceriffo 

Sherry 

vin  de  xeres 

Jerez 

vinho  de  xeres  vino  di  xeres 

Shilling 

schelling 

chelin 

chelim 

scellino 

Short 

court 

corto 

curto 

corto 

Sibyl 

sibylle 

sibila 

Sibylla 

sibilla 

Signal 

signal 

serial 

signal 

segnale 

Signature 

signature 

signatura 

assignatura 

segnatura 

Silk 

sole 

seda 

seda 

seta 

Simony 

simonie 

simonia 

simonia 

simonia 

Sir 

monsieur 

seiior 

senhor 

signore 

Siren 

sirene 

sirena 

sirena 

sirena 

Sirocco 

siroco 

siroco 

siroco 

scirocco 

Sit 

s'asseoir 

sentarse 

estar 

sedere 

Six 

six 

seis 

seis 

sei 

Sixth 

sixi^me 

sexto 

sexto 

sesto 

Sixty 

soixante 

sesenta 

sessenta 

sessanta 

Skeleton 

squelette 

esqueleto 

esqueleto 

scheletro 

Skeptic 

sceptique 

esceptico 

scepticc 

scettico 

Skeptical 

sceptique 

esceptico 

sceptico 

scettico 

128 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Senator 

senator 

Senator 

senator 

senator 

senatorisch 

senatoriaal 

senatorisk 

senatorisk 

senatorski 

Sentenz 

sententie 

Sentens 

sentens 

sententzia 

sentimental 

sentimenteel 

sentimental 

sentimental 

sentimental'nyi 

September 

September 

September 

September 

Sentyabr' 

sequestriren 

sekwestreeren 

sekvestrere 

seqvestrera 

sekvestrovat' 

Serail 

serail 

Seralj 

seralj 

serai' 

Seraph 

seraf 

Seraf 

seraf 

serafim 

seraphisch 

serafijnsch 

serafisk 

serafisk 

serafimski 

Serenade 

serenade 

Serenade 

serenad 

serenada 

Sarge 

sargie 

Sers 

sars 

sarzha 

Sergeant 

sergeant 

Sergeant 

sergeant 

serzhant 

Session 

sessie 

Session 

session 

sessia 

sieben 

zeven 

syv 

sju 

sem' 

siebzehn 

zeventien 

sytten 

sjutton 

semnadtzat' 

siebzehnte 

zeventiende 

syttende 

sjuttonde 

semnadtzatyi 

siebente 

zevende 

syvende 

sjunde 

sed'moi 

Sextant 

sekstant 

Sextant 

sextant 

sekstant 

Shawl 

sjaal 

Shawl 

schal 

shal' 

Sorbet 

sorbet 

Sorbet 

sorbet 

sherbet 

Sheriff 

sherif 

Sheriff 

sheriff 

sherif 

Xereswein 

sherry 

Sherry 

sherry 

kheres 

Schilling 

schelling 

Skilling 

skilling 

shilling 

kurz 

kort 

kort 

kort 

korotki 

Sibylle 

sibille 

Sibylle 

sibylla 

sibilla 

Signal 

signaal 

Signal 

signal 

signal 

Signatur 

signatuur 

Signatur 

signatur 

signatura 

Seide 

zijde 

Silke 

silke 

sholk 

Simonie 

simonie 

Simoni 

simoni 

simonia 

Herr 

heer 

Herre 

herre 

sudar' 

Sirene 

sirene 

Sirene 

siren 

sirena 

Sirokko 

sirokko 

Sirokko 

sirocko 

sirokko 

sitzen 

zitten 

sidde 

sitta 

sidyet' 

sechs 

zes 

sex 

sex 

shest' 

sechste 

zesde 

sjette 

sjette 

shestoi 

sechzig 

zestig 

sexti 

sextio 

shest' desyat 

Skelett 

skelet 

Skelet 

skelett 

skelet 

Skeptiker 

skeptikus 

Skeptiker 

skeptiker 

skeptik 

skeptisch 

skeptisch 

skeptisk 

skeptisk 

skeptitcheskl 

129 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Sketch 

esquisse 

esquicio 

bosquejo 

schizzo 

Sloop 

sloup 

chalupa 

chalupa 

scialuppa 

Snow 

neiger 

nevar 

nevar 

nevicare 

Soda 

sonde 

sosa 

soda 

soda 

Sofa 

sofa 

sofa 

sofa 

sofa 

Soldier 

soldat 

soldado 

soldado 

soldato 

Solitaire 

solitaire 

solitario 

solitario 

solitario 

Solo,  n. 

solo 

solo 

solo 

solo 

Sonata 

sonata 

sonata 

sonata 

sonata 

Sonnet 

sonnet 

soneto 

soneto 

sonetto 

Sophism 

sophisme 

sofisma 

sophisma 

sofisma 

Sophist 

sophiste 

sofista 

sophista 

sofista 

Sophistical 

sophistique 

sofistico 

sophistico 

sofistico 

Sort 

sorte 

suerte 

sorte 

sorta 

Sound,  V. 

sonder 

sondar 

sondar 

suonare 

Sound,  n. 

sonde,  spl. 

sonda 

sonda 

sonda 

Soup 

soupe 

sopa 

sopa 

zuppa 

South 

sud 

sud 

sul 

sud 

Sovereign 

souverain 

soberano 

soberano 

sovrano 

Sow,  V. 

semer 

sembrar 

semear 

seminare 

Spain 

I'Espagne 

Espaiia 

Espanha 

Spagna 

Spaniard 

Espagnol 

Espaiiol 

Espanhol 

Spagnuolo 

Spanish,  a. 

espagnol 

espaiiol 

hespanhol 

spagnuolo 

Spatula 

spatule 

espatula 

espatula 

spatola 

Special 

special 

especial 

especial 

speciale 

Specialty- 

specialite 

especialidad 

especialidade 

specialita 

Specific 

specifique 

especifico 

especifico 

specifico 

Spectacle 

spectacle 

espectaculo 

espectaculo 

spettacolo 

Speculate 

speculer 

especular 

especular 

specolare 

Speculation 

speculation 

especulacion 

especula^ao 

speculazione 

Speculative 

speculatif 

especulativo 

especulativo 

speculativo 

Speculator 

speculateur 

especulador 

especulador 

speculatore 

Spermaceti 

spermaceti 

espermaceti 

espermacete 

spermaceti 

Sphere 

sphere 

esfera 

esphera 

sfera 

Spherical 

spherique 

esferico 

espherico 

sferico 

Spheroid 

spheroide 

esferoide 

espheroide 

sferoide 

Sphinx 

sphinx 

esfinge 

esphinge 

sfinge 

Spinach 

epinard 

espinaca 

espinafre 

spinace 

Spiral,  a. 

spiral 

espiral 

espiral 

spirale 

130 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
NorwcKlan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Skizze 

schets 

Skitse 

skiss 

eskiz 

Schaluppe 

sloep 

Ship 

slup 

shlyup 

schneien 

sneeuwen 

sne 

snoa 

snyezhit' 

Soda 

soda 

Soda 

soda 

soda 

Sopha 

sofa 

Sofa 

soffa 

sofa 

Soldat 

soldaat 

Soldat 

soldat 

soldat 

Solitar 

solitaire 

Solitaer 

solitar 

soliter 

Solo 

solo 

Solo 

solo 

solo 

Sonate 

sonate 

Sonate 

sonat 

sonata 

Sonett 

sonnet 

Sonnet 

sonett 

sonet 

Sophism 

sofisme 

Sofisme 

sofism 

sofizm 

Sophist 

sofist 

Sofist 

sofist 

sofist 

sophistisch 

sofistisch 

sofistisk 

sofistisk 

sofistitcheski 

Sorte 

soort 

Sort 

sort 

sort 

sondiren 

sondeeren 

sondere 

sondera 

zondirovat' 

Sonde 

sonde 

Sonde,  spl. 

sond 

zund 

Suppe 

soep 

Suppe 

soppa 

sup 

Siiden 

zuiden 

Syd 

soder 

yug 

Souveran 

souverein 

Suveraen 

suveran 

suveren,  spl. 

saen 

zaaijen 

saa 

sa 

sieyat' 

Spanien 

Spanje 

Spanien 

Spanien 

Ispania 

Spanier 

Spanjaard 

Spanjer 

Spanjor 

Ispanetz 

spanisch 

spaansch 

spansk 

spansk 

ispanski 

Spatel 

spatel 

Spatel 

spatel 

shpatel' 

speziell 

speciaal 

speciel 

speciel 

spetzial'nyi 

Spezialitat 

specialiteit 

Specialitet 

specialitet 

spetzial'nost' 

spezifisch 

specifiek 

specifisk 

specifik 

spetzifitcheski 

Spektakel 

spektakel 

Spektakel 

spektakel 

spektakl' 

spekuliren 

spekuleeren 

spekulere 

spekulera 

spekulirovat' 

Spekulation 

spekulatie 

Spekulation 

spekulation 

spekulyatzia 

spekulativ 

spekulatief 

spekulativ 

spekulativ 

spekulyativnyi 

Spekulant 

spekulant 

Spekulant 

spekulant 

spekulyant 

Spermacet 

spermaceti 

Spermacet 

spermaceti 

spermatzet 

Sphare 

sfeer 

Sfasre 

sfer 

sfera 

spharisch 

sferisch 

sfaerisk 

sferisk 

sferitcheski 

Spharoid 

sfero'ide 

Sfaeroide 

sferoid 

sferoid 

Sphinx 

sfinks 

Sfinx 

sfinx 

sfinks 

Spinat 

spinazie 

Spinat 

spenat 

shpinat 

spiralformig 

spiraal 

spiralformet 

spiralformig 

spiral'nyi 

131 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Spirit 

Spiritualism 
Spondee 
Spur 
Spy,  V. 

esprit 
I  spiritualisme 
spondee 
eperon 
epier 

espiritu 

espiritualidad 

espondeo 

espuela 

espiar 

espirito              spirito 
I  espiritualismo  spiritualism© 
espondeo            spondeo 
espora                sperone 
espiar                 spiare 

Spy,  n. 

Squadron 

Stadium 

espion 

escadron 

stade 

espia 

escuadron 

estadio 

espia 

esquadrao 

estadio 

spia 

squadrone 

stadio 

Stamp 
Standard 

estampe 
etendard 

estampa 
estandarte 

estampilha 
estandarte 

stampa 
stendardo 

Stanza 

stance 

estancia 

estancia 

stanza 

State  (pol.) 
Statics 

etat 
statique 

estado 
estatica 

estado 
estatica 

stato 
statica 

Station 
Statistical 

station 
statistique 

estacion 
estadistico 

estagao 
estatistico 

stazione 
statistic© 

Statistics 

statistique 

estadistica 

estatistica 

statistica 

Statue 

statue 

estatua 

estatua 

statua 

Stature 

stature 

estatura 

estatura 

statura 

Statute 

statut 

estatuto 

estatuto 

statute 

Stereotype,  V.  stereotyper 
Stereotype      stereotypic 
Sterling.mon.sterling 

estereotipar 
estereotipia 
esterlina 

estereotypar 

estereotypo 

esterlino 

stereotipare 

stereotipia 

sterlino 

Stoic,  n. 

stoicien 

estoico 

estoico 

stoico 

Stoical 

stoique 

estoico 

estoico 

stoico 

Stoicism 

stoicisme 

estoicismo 

estoicismo 

stoicism© 

Strategy 

Strophe 

Structure 

strategic 

strophe 

structure 

estrategia 

estrofa 

estructura 

estrategia 

estrophe 

estructura 

strategia 

strofa 

struttura 

Stucco 
Student 

stuc 
etudiant 

estuco 
estudiante 

estuque 
estudante 

stucco 
studente 

Stuff 

etoffe 

estofa 

estofo 

st©ffa 

Style 

Subjective 

Substance 

style 

subjectif 

substance 

estilo 

subjetivo 

sustancia 

estylo 

subjectivo 

substancia 

stile 

s©ggettivo 

s©stanza 

Substantial 

substantiel 

sustancial 

substancial 

sostanziale 

Sugar 

Sucre 

aziicar 

assucar 

zuccher© 

Suite 
Sultan 

suite 
sultan 

seguida 
sultan 

sequito 
sultao 

seguit© 
sultan© 

Sultana 

sultane 

sultana 

sultana 

sultana 

132 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweeian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Spiritus 

spiritus 

Spiritus 

spiritus 

spirt 

Spiritualismus 

spiritualismus  Spiritualisme 

spiritualism 

spiritualizm 

Spondaus 

spondeus 

Sponde 

sponde 

spondei 

Sporn 

spoor 

Spore 

sporre 

shpora 

spioniren 

spioneeren 

spionere 

spionera 

shpionit' 

Spion 

spion 

Spion 

spion 

shpion 

Schwadrou 

eskadron 

Eskadron 

sqvadron 

eskadron 

Stadium 

stadium 

Stadium 

stadium 

stadia 

Stempel 

stempel 

Stempel 

stamp 

shtempel' 

Standarte 

standaard 

Standart 

standar 

shtandart 

Stanze 

stanza 

Stanze 

stans 

stans 

Staat 

staat 

Stat 

Stat 

shtat 

Statik 

statica 

Statik 

statik 

statika 

Station 

station 

Station 

station 

stantzia 

statistisch 

statistisch 

statistisk 

statistisk 

statistitcheski 

Statistik 

statistiek 

Statistik 

statistik 

statistika 

Statue 

statue 

Statue 

staty 

statuya 

Statur 

statuur 

Statur 

statur 

Stan 

Statut 

statuut 

Statut 

statut 

statut 

stereotypiren  stereotiepeerenstereotypere 

stereotypera 

stereotipit' 

Stereotype 

stereotiepe 

Stereotyp 

stereotyp 

stereotip 

sterling 

sterling 

sterling 

sterling 

sterling 

Stoiker 

stoicijn 

Stoiker 

stoiker 

stoik 

stoisch 

stoicijnsch 

stoisk 

stoisk 

stoitcheski 

Stoicismus 

stoicismus 

Stoicisme 

stoicism 

stoitzizm 

Strategic 

strategic 

Strategi 

strategi 

strategia 

Strophe 

strofe 

Strofe 

strof 

strofa 

Struktur 

structuur 

Struktur 

struktur 

stroienie 

Stuck 

stuka 

Stukko 

stuck 

shtukaturka 

Student 

student 

Student 

student 

student 

StofF 

stof 

Stof 

stoff 

shtof,  spL 

Styl 

stijl 

Stil 

stil 

stil' 

subject!  V 

subjectief 

subjectiv 

subjectiv 

subiektivnyi 

Substanz 

substantie 

Substans 

substans 

sushtchestvo 

substanziell 

substantieel 

substantiel 

substantiel 

sushtchestvennyi 

Zucker 

suiker 

Sukker 

socker 

sakhar 

Suite 

suite 

Suite 

svit 

svita 

Sultan 

sultan 

Sultan 

sultan 

sultan 

Sultanin 

sultana 

Sultaninde 

sultaninna 

sultana 

133 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Sum 

somme 

suma 

somma 

s©mma 

Sun 

soleil 

sol 

sol 

sole 

Supercargo 

subrecargue 

sobrecargo 

sobrecarga 

sopraccaric© 

Surgeon 

chirurgien 

cirujano 

cirurgiao 

chirurg© 

Surgery 

chirurgie 

cirugia 

cirurgia 

chirurgia 

Surgical 

chirurgical 

quirurgico 

cirurgico 

chirurgie© 

Swede,  n. 

Suedois 

Sueco 

Sueco 

Svedese 

Sweden 

la  Suede 

Suecia 

Suecia 

Svezia 

Swedish 

suedois 

sueco 

sueco 

svedese 

Swiss,  n. 

Suisse 

Suizo 

Suigo 

Svizzer© 

Swiss,  a. 

Suisse 

suizo 

suigo 

svizzer© 

Switzerland 

la  Suisse 

Suiza 

Suissa 

Svizzera 

Sybarite 

sybarite 

sibarita 

sybarita 

sibarita 

Sybaritic 

sybaritique 

sibaritico 

sybaritico 

sibaritic© 

Syllogism 

syllogisme 

silogismo 

syllogism© 

sill©gism© 

Syllogistic 

syllogistique 

silogistico 

syllogistic© 

sillogistic© 

Sylph 

sylphe 

silfo 

sylpho 

si  If© 

Symbol 

symbole 

simbolo 

symbol© 

simbolo 

Symbolical 

symbolique 

simbolico 

symbolic© 

simbolico 

Symmetry 

symetrie 

simetria 

symmetria 

simmetria 

Symmetrica] 

.  symetrique 

simetrico 

symmetric© 

simmetrico 

Sympathetic 

sympathique 

simpatico 

sympathetic© 

simpatic© 

Sympathize 

sympathiser 

simpatizar 

sympatizar 

simpatizzare 

Sympathy 

sympathie 

simpatia 

sympathia 

simpatia 

Symphony 

symphonic 

sinfonia 

symphonia 

sinfonia 

Symptom 

symptome 

sintoma 

sympt©ma 

sintom© 

Synagogue 

synagogue 

sinagoga 

synagoga 

sinag©ga 

Syndic 

Syndic 

sindico 

syndic© 

sindic© 

Syndicate 

syndicat 

sindicado 

syndicatura 

sindicat© 

Synod 

synode 

sinodo 

syn©d© 

sin©d© 

Synonym 

synonyme 

sinonimo 

syn©nym© 

sin©nim© 

Synonymous  synonyme 

sinonimo 

synonym© 

sin©nimo 

Syntax 

syntaxe 

sintaxis 

syntaxe 

sintassi 

Synthesis 

synthese 

sintesis 

synthesis 

sintesi 

Syriac 

syriaque 

siriaco 

syriac© 

siriac© 

Syrup 

sirop 

jarabe 

xar©pe 

sir©pp© 

System 

systeme 

sistema 

systema 

sistema 

Systematic 

systematique 

sistematico 

systematic© 

sistematico 

134 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Summe 

som 

Sum 

summa 

summa 

Sonne 

zon 

Sol 

sol 

solntze 

Supercargo 

supercargo 

Superkargo 

superkarg 

superkargo 

Chirurg 

chirurgijn 

Kirurg 

kirurg 

khirurg 

Chirnrgie 

chirurgie 

Kirurgi 

kirurgi 

khirurgia 

chirurgisch 

chirurgisch 

kirurgisk 

kirurgisk 

khirurgitcheski 

Schwede 

Zweed 

Svenske 

svensk 

Shved 

Schweden 

Zweden 

Sverige 

Sverige 

Shvetzia 

schwedisch 

zweedsch 

svensk 

svensk 

shvedski 

Schweizer 

Zwitzer 

Schweizer 

Schweitzare 

Shveitzaretz 

schweizerisch 

zwitzersch 

schweizisk 

schweitzisk 

shveitzarski 

die  Schweiz 

Zwitzerland 

Schweiz 

Schweitz 

Shveitzaria 

Sybarit 

sybariet 

Sybarit 

sybarit 

sibarit 

sybaritisch 

sybarietisch 

sybaritisk 

sybaritisk 

sibaritski 

Syllogism 

syllogismus 

Syllogisme 

syllogism 

sillogizm 

syllogistisch 

syllogistisch 

syllogistisk 

syllogistisk 

sillogistitcheski 

Sylph 

sylphide 

Sylfe 

sylf 

sil'f 

Symbol 

symbool 

Symbol 

symbol 

si  m  vol 

symbolisch 

symbolisch 

symbolsk 

symbolisk 

simvolitcheski 

Symmetrie 

symetrie 

Symmetri 

sj^mmetri 

simetria 

symmetrisch 

symetrisch 

symmetrisk 

symmetrisk 

simetritcheski 

sympathetisch 

sympathetisch  sympatetisk 

sympatetisk 

simpatitcheski 

sympathisiren 

sympathiseeren 

sympatisere 

sympatisera 

simpatizirovat' 

Sj'mpathie 

sympathie 

Sympati 

sympati 

simpatia 

Symphonic 

symfonie 

Symfoni 

symfoni 

simfonia 

Symptom 

symptoom 

Symptom 

symptom 

simptom 

Synagoge 

synagoge 

Synagoge 

synagoga 

siuagoga 

Syndikus 

syndikus 

Syndikus 

syndikus 

sindik 

Syndikat 

syndikaat 

Syndikat 

syndikat 

sindikat 

Synode 

synode 

Synode 

synod 

sinod 

Synonyma 

synonieme 

Synonym 

synonym 

sinonim 

synonymisch 

L  synoniem 

synonym 

synonym 

sinonimnyi 

Syntax 

syntaxis 

Syntax 

syntax 

sintaksis 

Synthese 

synthesis 

Syntese 

syntes 

sintezis 

syrisch 

syrisch 

syrisk 

syrisk 

siriski 

Sirup 

siroop 

Sirup 

sirap 

sirop 

System 

systeem 

System 

system 

sistema 

systematisch  systematisch 

systematisk 

systematisk 

sistematitcheski 

135 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

T 

Table 

table 

tabla 

taboa 

tavola 

Tablet 

tablette 

tableta 

taboinha 

tavoletta 

Taboret 

tabouret 

taburete 

tamboril 

tamburino 

Tact 

tact 

tacto 

tacto 

tatto 

Tactician 

tacticien 

tactico 

tactico 

tattico 

Tactics 

tactique 

tactica 

tactica 

tattica 

Taffeta 

taffetas 

tafetan 

tafeta 

taffeta 

Talc 

talc 

talco 

talco 

talco 

Talent 

talent 

talento 

talento 

talento 

Talisman 

talisman 

talisman 

talisman 

talismano 

Talmud 

Talmud 

Talmud 

Talmud 

Talmud 

Tamarind 

tamarin 

tamarindo 

tamarindo 

tamarindo 

Tamarisk 

tamarisc 

tamarisco 

tamariz 

tamarisco 

Tambour 

tambour 

tambor 

tambor 

tamburo 

Tambourine 

tambourin 

tamboril 

tamboril 

tamburino 

Tangent 

tangente 

tangente 

tangente 

tangente 

Tarantula 

tarentule 

tarantula 

tarantula 

tarantola 

Tariff 

tarif 

tarifa 

tarifa 

tariffa 

Tart 

tarte 

tarta 

torta 

torta 

Tartar 

Tartare 

Tartar© 

Tartaro 

Tartaro 

Taurus 

Taureau 

Tauro 

Tauro 

Tauro 

Tautology 

tautologie 

tautologia 

tautologia 

tautologia 

Tax 

taxe 

tasa,  spl. 

taxa 

tassa 

Tax,  V. 

taxer 

tasar 

taxar 

tassare 

Taxation 

taxation 

tasacion 

taxagao 

tassazione 

Tea 

the 

te 

cha 

te 

Technical 

technique 

tecnico 

technico 

tecnico 

Technology 

technologie 

tecnologia 

technologia 

tecnologia 

Telegraph 

telegraphe 

telegrafo 

telegrafo 

telegrafo 

Telegraphic 

telegraphique 

telegrafico 

telegrafico 

telegrafico 

Telescope 

telescope 

telescopio 

telescopio 

telescopio 

Telescopic 

telescopique 

telescopico 

telescopico 

telescopico 

Temperament 

temperament 

temperamento  temperamento  temperamento 

Temperature  temperature 

temperatura 

temperatura 

temperatura 

Ten 

dix 

diez 

dez 

dieci 

Tenor(mus.) 

1  tenor 

tenor 

tenor 

ten  ore 

tenth 

dixieme 

decimo 

decimo 

decima 

136 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

T 

Tafel 

tafel 

Tavlc 

tabell 

tablitza 

Tafelchen 

tafeltje 

Tavle 

tablett 

tablitchka 

Taburet 

taboeret 

Tabouret 

taburett 

taburet 

Takt 

takt 

Takt 

takt 

takt 

Taktiker 

taktikus 

Taktiker 

taktiker 

taktik 

Taktik 

taktiek 

Taktik 

taktik 

taktika 

Taffet 

taf 

Taft 

taft 

tafta 

Talk 

talk 

Talk 

talk 

tal'k 

Talent 

talent 

Talent 

talent 

talant 

Talisman 

talisman 

Talisman 

talisman 

talisman 

Talmud 

Talmud 

Talmud 

Talmud 

talmud 

Tamarinde 

tamarinde 

Tamarinde 

tamarind 

tamarind 

Tamariske 

tamarisk 

Tamarisk 

tamarisk 

tamarisk 

Tamburin 

tamboer 

Tambur 

tambur 

tambur 

Tamburin 

tamboerijn 

Tamburin 

tamburin 

tamburin 

Tangente 
Tarantel 

tangent 
tarentula 

Tangent 
Tarantel 

tangent 
tarantel 

tangens 
tarantula 

Tarif 

tarief 

Tarif 

tariff 

tarif 

Torte 

taart 

Tserte 

tarta 

tort 

Tartar 

Tartaar 

Tartar 

Tartar 

Tatarin 

Taurus 

Taurus 

Tyren 

Tjuren 

Teletz 

Tautologie 
Taxe 

tautologie 
taxe 

Tautologi 
Tax 

tavtologi 
taxa 

tozhdeslovie 
taksa 

taxiren 

taxeeren 

taxere 

taxera 

taksirovat' 

Taxation 

taxatie 

Taxation 

taxcring 

taksatzia 

Thee 

thee 

Te 

te 

tchai 

technisch 

technisch 

teknisk 

teknisk 

tekhnitcheski 

Technologic 

Telegraph 

telegraphisch 

Teleskop 

teleskopisch 

Temperament 

Temperatur 

zehn 

technologic 

telegraaf 

telegrafisch 

teleskoop 

teleskopisch 

temperament 

temperatuur 

tien 

Teknologi         teknologi 
Telegraf            telegraf 
telegrafisk         telegrafisk 
Teleskop           teleskop 
teleskopisk        teleskopisk 
Temperament  temperament 
Temperatur      temperatur 
ti                        tio 

tekhnologia 

telegraf 

telegrafitchcski 

teleskop 

teleskopitcheski 

temperament 

temperatura 

desyat' 

Tenor 

tenor 

Tenor 

tenor 

tenor 

zehnte 

tiende 

tiende 

tionde 

desyatyi 

137 


English 


French 


Spanish 


Portuguese  Italian 


Term  terme  termino 

Terrace  terrasse  terrado 

Territorial  territorial  territorial 

Territory  territoire  territorio 

Terrorism  terrorisme  terrorismo 

Tertiary  tertiaire  terciario 

Tetrarch  tetrarque  tetrarca 

Text  texte  texto 

Theater  theatre  teatro 

Theatrical  theatral  teatral 

Theism  theisme  teismo 

Theist  theiste  teista 

Theme  theme  tema 

Theocracy  theocratic  teocracia 

Theocratic  theocratique  teocratico 

Theogony  theogonie  teogouia 

Theologian  theologien  teologo 

Theological  theologique  teologico 

Theology  theologie  teologia 

Theorem  theoreme  teorema 

Theoretical  theorique  teorico 

Theorist  theoricien  teorico 

Theory  theorie  teoria 

Therapeutic  therapeutique  terapeutico 
Therapeutics  therapeutique  terapeutica 
Thermometer  thermometre    termometro 

Thesis  these  tesis 

Theurgy  theurgie  teurgia 

Third  troisieme  tercero 

Thirteen  treize  trece 

Thirteenth  treizieme  treceno 

Thirtieth  trentieme  trigesimo 

Thirty  trente  treinta 

Thou  tu  td 

Three  trois  tres 

Thrice  trois  fois  tres  veces 

Throne  tr&ne  trono 

Thy  ton,  ta,  tes  tu,  tus 

Tiara  tiare  tiara 


termo  termine 

terrado  terrazzo 

territorial  territoriale 

territorio  territorio 

terrorismo  terrorismo 

terciario  terziario 

tetrarcha  tetrarca 

texto  testo 

theatro  teatro 

theatral  teatrale 

theismo  teismo 

theista  teista 

thema  tema 

theocracia  teocrazia 

theocratico  teocratico 

theogonia  teogonia 

theologo  teologo 

theologico  teologico 

theologia  teologia 

theorema  teorema 

theoretico  teoretico 

theorico  teorico 

theoria  teoria 

therapeutico  terapeutico 

therapeutica  terapeutica 

thermometro  termometro 

these  tesi 

theurgia  teurgia 

terceiro  terzo 

treze  tredici 
decimo-terceirotredicesimo 

trigesimo  trentesimo 

trinta  trenta 

tu  tu 

tres  tre 

tres  vezes  tre  volte 

throno  trono 

teu,  tua  tuo,  il  tuo 

tiara  tiara 


138 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Teimin 
Terrasse 

termijn 
terras 

Termin 
Terrasse 

term 
terrass 

termin 
terasa 

territorial 

territoriaal 

territorial 

territorial 

teritorial'nyi 

Territorium 

territorium 

Territorium 

territorium 

teritoria 

Terrorismus 

terrorismus 

Terrorisme 

terrorism 

terror  izm 

tertiar 
Tetrarch 

tertiair 
tetrarch 

tertiaer 
Tetrark 

tertiar 
tetrark 

tretitchnyi 
tetrarkh 

Text 

tekst 

Text 

text 

tekst 

Theater 

theater 

Teater 

teater 

teatr 

theatralisch 
Theismus 

theatraal 
theismus 

teatralsk 
Teisme 

teatralisk 
teism 

teatral'nyi 
deizm 

Theist 

theist 

Teist 

teist 

deist 

Thema 

thema 

Tema 

tema 

tema 

Theokratie 

theokratie 

Teokrati 

teokrati 

teokratia 

theokratisch 

theokratisch 

teokratisk 

teokratisk 

teokratitcheski 

Theogonie 

Theolog 

theologisch 

Theologie 

Theorem 

theogonie 

theologant 

theologisch 

theologie 

theorema 

Teogoni 

Teolog 

teologisk 

Teologi 

Teorem 

teogoni 

teolog 

teologisk 

teologi 

teorem 

teogonia 

teolog 

teologitcheski 

teologia 

teorema 

theoretisch 

theoretisch 

teoretisk 

teoretisk 

teoretitcheski 

Theoretiker 

theoretikus 

Teoretiker 

teoretiker 

teoretik 

Theorie 

theorie 

Teori 

teori 

teoria 

therapeutisch  therapeutisch  terapeutisk 
Therapeutik  therapie             Terapi 
Thermometer  thermometer    Termometer 

terapeutisk 

terapi 

termometer 

terapevtitcheski 

terapevtika 

termometr 

Thesis 

thesis 

Tesis 

tes 

tezis 

Theurgie 

dritte 

dreizehn 

theurgie 

derde 

dertien 

Teurgi 

tredie 

tretten 

teurgi 
tredje 
tretton 

feurgia 

treti 

trinadtzat' 

dreizehnte 

dreissigste 

dreissig 

du 

drei 

dertiende 
dertigste 
dertig 

drie 

trettende 

tredivte 

tredive 

du 

tre 

trettonde 

trettionde 

trettio 

du 

tre 

trinadtzatyi 

tridtzatyi 

tridtzat' 

ty 

tri 

drei  Mai 
Thron 
dein,  deine 

driemaal 
troon 
uw,  uwe 

,  tre  Gauge 
Trone 
din,  dit,  dine 

tre  ganger 

tron 

din,  ditt,  dina 

trizhdy 

tron 

tvoi 

Tiara 

tiara 

Tiara 

tiar 

tiara 

139 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Tiger 

tigre 

tigre 

tigre 

tigre 

Tincture 

teinture 

tintura 

tintura 

tintura 

Tithe 

dixieme 

diezmo 

dizimo 

decima 

Title 

titre 

titulo 

titulo 

titolo 

Tobacco 

tabac 

tabaco 

tabacco 

tabacco 

Toga 

toge 

toga 

toga 

toga 

Ton 

tonne 

tonelada 

tonelada 

tonnellata 

Tone 

ton 

tono 

tom 

tuono 

Tonic,  a. 

tonique 

tonico 

tonico 

tonico 

Tonsure 

tonsure 

tonsura 

tonsura 

tonsura 

Topaz 

topaze 

topacio 

topazio 

topazio 

Topographer  topographe 

topografo 

topograph© 

topografo 

Topography  topographie 

topografia 

topographia 

topografia 

Torpedo 

torpille 

torpedo 

torpedo 

torpedine 

Tory 

tory 

tory 

tory 

tori 

Tournament  tournoi 

torneo 

torneio 

torneamento 

Tract  (lit.) 

traite 

tratado 

tratado 

trattato 

Tradition 

tradition 

tradicion 

tradigao 

tradizione 

Tragedy 

tragedie 

tragedia 

tragedia 

tragedia 

Tragic 

tragique 

tragico 

tragico 

tragico 

Tragicomedy  tragie-comedie  tragicomedia 

tragicomedia 

tragicommedia 

Transit 

transit 

transit© 

transito 

transito 

Transparency 

transparence 

trasparencia 

transparencia 

transparenza 

Transport 

transport 

trasporte 

transporte 

trasporto 

Trap 

trappe 

trampa 

trapa 

trappola 

Trapeze 

trapeze 

trapecio 

trapezio 

trapezio 

Trapezoid 

trapezoide 

trapezoide 

trapezoide 

trapezoide 

Treaty 

traite 

tratado 

tratado 

trattato 

Treble 

triple 

triple 

triplice 

triplice 

Trepan 

trepan 

trepano 

trepano 

trapano 

Triangle 

triangle 

triangulo 

triangulo 

triangolo 

Triangular 

triangulaire 

triangular 

triangular 

triangolare 

Tribunal 

tribunal 

tribunal 

tribunal 

tribuuale 

Tribune 

tribun 

tribuno 

tribuno 

tribuno 

Triennial 

triennal 

trienal 

triennal 

triennale 

Triform 

triforme 

triforme 

triforme 

triforme 

Trigonometry 

trigonometric 

;  trigonometria 

trigonometria  trigonometria 

Trilateral 

trilateral 

trildtero 

trilatero 

trilatero 

140 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
Norwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Tiger 

tijger 

Tiger 

tiger 

tigr 

Tinctur 

tiuctuur 

Tinktur 

tinktur 

tinktura 

Zehnte 

tiende 

Tiendedel 

tionde 

desyatina 

Titel 

titel 

Titel 

titel 

titul 

Tabak 

tabak 

Tobak 

tobak 

tabak 

Toga 

toga 

Toga 

toga 

toga 

Tonne 

ton 

Ton 

tunna 

tonna 

Ton 

toon 

Tone 

ton 

ton 

tonisch 

tonisch 

tonisk 

tonisk 

tonitcheski 

Tonsur 

tonsuur 

Tonsur 

tonsur 

tonsura 

Topas 

topaas 

Topas 

topas 

topaz 

Topograph 

topograaf 

Topograf 

topograf 

topograf 

Topographic  topografie 

Topografi 

topografi 

topografia 

Torpedo 

torpedo 

Torpedo 

torpedo 

torpedo 

Tory 

tory 

Tory 

tory 

tori 

Turnier 

tornooi 

Turnering 

tornering 

turnir 

Tractatchen 

traktaatje 

Traktat 

traktat 

traktat 

Tradition 

traditie 

Tradition 

tradition 

traditzia 

Tragodie 

tragedie 

Tragedie 

tragedi 

tragedia 

tragisch 

tragisch 

tragisk 

tragisk 

tragitcheski 

Tragikomodie 

tragikomedie 

Tragikomedie  tragikomedi 

tragikomedia 

Transito 

transito 

Transit 

transito 

tranzit 

Transparent  transparent 

Transparent 

transparent 

transparant 

Transport 

transport 

Transport 

transport 

transport 

Treppe 

trap 

Trappe 

trapp 

trap,  spl. 

Trapeze 

trapezium 

Trapez 

trapez 

trapetzia 

Trapezoide 

trapezoide 

Trapezoide 

trapezoid 

trapezoid 

Traktat 

traktaat 

Traktat 

traktat 

traktat 

dreifach 

drievoudig 

trefold 

trippel 

troinoi 

Trepan 

trepaan 

Trepan 

trepan 

trepan 

Triangel 

triangel 

Triangel 

triangel 

treugol'nik 

triangular 

triangel 

triangulcer 

triangular 

treugol'nyi 

Tribunal 

tribunaal 

Tribunal 

tribunal 

tribunal 

Tribun 

tribuun 

Tribun 

tribun 

tribun 

dreijahrlich 

driejarig 

treaarig 

trearig 

trekhlyetni 

dreiformig 

drievormig 

treformig 

treformig 

trekhformennyi 

Trigonometrie 

trigonometrie 

Trigonometri 

trigonometri 

trigonometria 

dreiseitig 

driezijdig 

tresidet 

tresidig 

trekhstoronni 

141 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Trill 

trille 

trino 

trinado 

trillo 

Trinity 

Trinite 

trinidad 

trindade 

Trinita 

Trio 

trio 

trio 

trio 

trio 

Triple 

triple 

triple 

triplice 

triplice 

Triplet 

trio 

terno 

terceto 

trio 

Triplicate 

triple 

triplicata 

triplicado 

triplicate 

Tripod 

trepied 

tripode 

tripode 

tripode 

Triumph,  n. 

triomphe 

triunfo 

triumpho 

trionfo 

Triumphant 

triomphant 

triunfante 

triumphante 

trionfale 

Triumvir 

triumvir 

triunviro 

triumviro 

trionviro 

Trivial 

trivial 

trivial 

trivial 

triviale 

Trochaic 

trachaique 

trocaico 

trochaico 

trocaico 

Trochee 

trochee 

troqueo 

trocheo 

trocheo 

Troop 

troupe 

tropa 

tropa 

truppa 

Trope 

trope 

tropo 

tropo 

tropo 

Trophy 

trophee 

trofeo 

tropheo 

trofeo 

Tropical 

tropical 

tropico 

tropico 

tropicale 

Troubadour 

troubadour 

trovador 

trovador 

trovatore 

Trumpet 

trompette 

trompeta 

trombeta 

tromba 

Trumpeter 

trompette 

trompetero 

trombeteiro 

trombettiere 

Tulip 

tulipe 

tulipan 

tulipa 

tulipano 

Tune 

ton 

tono 

tom 

tuono 

Tunic 

tunique 

tunica 

tunica 

tunica 

Turban 

turban 

turbante 

turbante 

turbante 

Turf 

tourbe 

turba 

turfa 

torba 

Turk 

Turc 

Turco 

Turco 

Turco 

Turkey 

la  Turquie 

Turquia 

Turquia 

Turchia 

Turkish 

turque 

turco 

turco 

turco 

Turpentine 

terebenthine 

trementina 

terebinthina 

trementina 

Two 

deux 

dos 

dous,  duas 

due 

Tympanum 

tympan 

timpano 

tympano 

timpano 

Type 

type 

tipo 

typo 

tipo 

Typhus 

typhus 

tifo 

typho 

tifo 

Typical 

typique 

tipico 

typico 

tipico 

Typographic  typographique  tipografico 

typographico 

tipografico 

Typography 

typographie 

tipografia 

typographia 

tipografia 

tyrannical 

tyrannique 

tiranico 

tyrannico 

tirannico 

Tyranny 

tyrannic 

tirania 

tyrannia 

tirannia 

Tyrant 

tyran 

lirano 

tyrauno 

tiranno 

142 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Triller 

triller 

Trille 

drill 

trer 

Trinitat 

triniteit 

Treenighed 

treenighet 

Troitza 

Trio 

trio 

Trio 

trio 

trio 

dreifach 

drievoudig 

trefold 

trippel 

troinoi 

Dreiblatt 

trio 

Triplet 

triplett 

troe 

Triplikat 

triplicaat 

Triplikat 

triplikat 

troinoi 

Dreifuss 

drievoet 

Trefod 

trefot 

trenozhnik 

Triumph 

triomf 

Triumf 

triumf 

triumf 

triumphirend  triomfant 

triumferende 

triumferande 

triumfal'nyi 

Triumvir 

triumvir 

Triumvir 

triumvir 

triumvir 

trivial 

triviaal 

triviel 

trivial 

trivial' nyi 

trochaisch 

trocheisch 

trokseisk 

trokaisk 

trokheitcheski 

Trochaus 

trocheus 

Trokae 

troke 

trokhei 

Trupp 

troep 

Trop 

trupp 

truppa 

Trope 

trope 

Trope 

trop 

trop 

Trophae 

trofee 

Trofae 

trofe 

trofei 

tropisch 

tropisch 

tropisk 

tropisk 

tropitcheski 

Troubadour 

troebadoer 

Trubadur 

trubadur 

trubadur 

Trompete 

trompet 

Trompet 

trumpet 

truba 

Trompeter 

trompetter 

Trompeter 

trumpetare 

trubatch 

Tulpe 

tulp 

Tulipan 

tulpan 

tyul'pan 

Ton 

toon 

Tone 

ton 

ton 

Tunica 

tunica 

Tunika 

tunik 

tunika 

Turban 

tulband 

Turban 

turban 

ty  urban 

Torf 

turf 

Torv 

torf 

torf 

Tiirke 

Turk 

Tyrk 

Turk 

Turok 

Tiirkei 

Turkije 

Tyrkiet 

Turkiet 

Turtzia 

tiirkisch 

turksch 

tyrkisk 

turkisk 

turetzki 

Terpentin 

terpentijn 

Terpentin 

terpentin 

terpentin 

zwei 

twee 

to 

tva 

dva,  dvoie 

Tympanum 

tympaan 

Tympan,  spl. 

tympanum 

timpan 

Typus 

typus 

Type 

typ 

tip 

Typhus 

typhus 

Tyfus 

tyfus 

tifus 

typisch 

typisch 

typisk 

typisk 

tipitcheski 

typographisch 

typografisch 

tj'pografisk 

typografisk 

tipografitcheski 

Typographic 

e  typografie 

Typografi 

typografi 

tipografia 

tyrannisch 

tirannisch 

tyrannisk 

tyrannisk 

tiranski 

Tyrannei 

tirannij 

Tyranni 

tyranni 

tirania 

Tyrann 

tiran 

Tyran 

tyrann 

tiran 

143 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

U 

Ultimatum 

ultimatum 

ultimatum 

ultimatum 

ultimatum 

Ultra 

ultra 

ultra 

ultra 

ultra 

Umber 

ombre 

umbra 

umbla 

ombrina 

Uniform,  n. 

uniforme 

uniforme 

uniforme 

uniforme 

Unit 

unite 

unidad 

unidade 

unita 

Unitarian 

unitaire 

unitario 

unitario 

unitario 

Unity 

unite 

unidad 

uniao 

unita 

Universal 

universel 

universal 

universal 

universale 

University 

universite 

universidad 

universidade 

universita 

Unnatural 

denature 

desnaturalizado 

desnatural 

snaturato 

Uranus 

Uranus 

Urano 

Uranus 

Urano 

Urn 

urne 

urna 

urna 

urna 

Us 

nous 

nos 

nos 

ci,  ce 

Utopia 

Utopie 

Utopia 

Utopia 

Utopia 

Utopian 
V 

utopique 

utopico 

Utopian 

utopista 

Vacancy 

vacance 

vacancia 

vacancia 

vacanza 

Vacant 

vacant 

vacante 

vacante 

vacante 

Vacation 

vacance 

vacacion 

vaca9ao 

vacanza 

Vaccinate 

vacciner 

vacunar 

vaccinar 

vaccinare 

Vaccination 

vaccination 

vacunacion 

vaccinagao 

vaccinazione 

Vampire 

vampire 

vampiro 

vampiro 

vampiro 

Vandal 

vandale 

vandalo 

vandalo 

vandalo 

Vandalism 

vandalisme 

vandalismo 

vandalismo 

vandalismo 

Vanilla 

vanille 

vainilla 

baunilha 

vainiglia 

Variation 

variation 

variacion 

variagao 

variazione 

Vary 

varier 

variar 

variar 

variare 

Vase 

vase 

vaso 

vaso 

vaso 

Vassal 

vassal 

vasallo 

vassallo 

vassallo 

Vaulter 

voltigeur 

volteador 

volteador 

volteggiatore 

Ventilator 

ventilateur 

ventilador 

ventilador 

ventilatore 

Venus 

Venus 

Venus 

Venus 

Venere 

Vertical 

vertical 

vertical 

vertical 

verticale 

Veteran 

veteran 

veterano 

veterano 

veterano 

Veto 

veto 

veto 

veto 

veto 

Vicar 

vicaire 

vicario 

vigario 

vicario 

144 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
NorwcKlan 

Swedish 

Russian 

U 

Ultimatum 

ultimatum 

Ultimatum 

ultimatum 

ul'timatum 

ultra 

ultra 

ultra 

ultra 

ul'tra 

Umber 

omber 

Umber 

umbra 

umbra 

Uniform 

uniform 

Uniform 

uniform 

forma 

Einheit 

eenheid 

Enhed 

enighet 

yedinitza 

Unitarier 

unitaris 

Unitarier 

unitarian 

unitari 

Einigkeit 

eenigheid 

Enighed 

enhet 

yedinstvo 

universal 

universeel 

universel 

universel 

universal'nyi 

Universitat 

universiteit 

Universitet 

universitet 

universitet 

unnatiirlich 

onnatuurlijk 

unaturlig 

onaturlig 

nenatural'nyi 

Uranus 

Uranus 

Uranus 

Uranus 

Uran 

Urne 

urne 

Urne 

urna 

urna 

uns 

ons 

OS 

oss 

nas 

Utopien 

Utopia 

Utopi 

Utopien 

Utopia 

utopisch 
V 

Vakanz 

utopisch 

utopisk 

utopisk 

utopitcheski 

vakantie 

Vakance 

vakans 

vakansia 

vakant 

vakant 

vakant 

vakant 

vakantnyi 

Vakanz 

vakantie 

Vakance 

vakans 

vakatzii 

vacciniren 

vaccineeren 

vakcinere 

vaccinera 

vaktzinirovat* 

Vaccination 

vaccinatie 

Vakcination 

vaccination 

vaktzinatzia 

Vampir 

vampir 

Vampyr 

vampyr 

vampir 

Vandale 

wandaal 

Vandal 

vandal 

vandal 

Vandalism 

wandalismus 

Vandalisme 

vandalism 

vandalizm 

Vanille 

vanilje 

Vanilje 

vanilj 

vanir 

Variation 

variatie 

Variation 

variation 

varyatzia 

variiren 

varieeren 

variere 

variera 

variirovat' 

Vase 

vaas 

Vase 

vas 

vaza 

Vasall 

vassaal 

Vasal 

vasall 

vassal 

Voltigeur 

voltigeur 

Voltigor 

voltigor 

vol'tizher 

Ventilator 

ventilator 

Ventilator 

ventilator 

ventilyator 

Venus 

Venus 

Venus 

Venus 

Venera 

vertikal 

vertikaal 

vertikal 

vertikal 

vertikal'nyi 

Veteran 

veteraan 

Veteran 

veteran 

veteran 

Veto 

veto 

Veto 

veto 

veto 

Vikar 

vikarius 

Vikar 

vikarie 

vikari 

145 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Vicarage 

vicariat 

vicariato 

vicariato 

vicariato 

Vice-consul 

vice-consul 

viceconsul 

vice-consul 

viceconsolo 

Viceroy 

vice-roi 

virey 

vice-rei 

vicere 

Vignette 

vignette 

vineta 

vinheta 

vignetta 

Villa 

villa 

villa 

villa     • 

villa 

Vine 

vigne 

vid 

vinha 

vite 

Violet,  n. 

violette 

violeta 

violeta 

viola 

Violet,  a. 

violette 

violado 

violete 

violetto 

Violoncello 

violoncelle 

violoncelo 

violoncello 

violoncello 

Virtuoso 

virtuose 

virtuoso 

virtuoso 

virtuoso 

Vision 

vision 

vision 

visao 

visione 

Visit,  n. 

visite 

visita 

visita 

visita 

Vizir 

vizir 

visir 

vizir 

visire 

Vocabulary 

vocabulaire 

vocabulario 

vocabulario 

vocabolario 

Vocal 

vocal 

vocal 

vocal 

vocale 

Volcanic 

volcanique 

volcan  ico 

volcanico 

vulcanico 

Volcano 

volcan 

volcan 

volcao 

vulcano 

Volition 

volition 

volicion 

voli^ao 

volizione 

Volunteer 

voluntaire 

voluntario 

voluntario 

volontario 

Vote,  V. 

voter 

votar 

votar 

votare 

Vulgate 
W 

Waltz 

Vulgate 

Vulgata 

Vulgata 

Volgata 

valse 

vals 

valsa 

valzer 

West 

ouest 

oeste 

oeste 

ovest 

Will 

volonte 

voluntad 

vontade 

volonta 

Wine 

vin 

vino 

vinho 

vino 

Yacht 

yacht 

yate 

hiate 

jacht 

Yellow 

jaune 

amarillo 

amarello 

giallo 

Yoke 

joug 

yugo 

jugo 

giogo 

Young 
55 

jeune 

J  oven 

J  oven 

giovane 

Zebra 

zebre 

zebra 

zebra 

zebra 

Zenith 

zenith 

zenit 

zenith 

zenit 

146 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweeian 

Swedish 

Russian 

Vikariat 

vikariaat 

Vikariat 

vikariat 

vikarstvo 

Vicekonsul 

vice-konsul 

Vice-konsul 

vice-konsul 

vitze-konsul 

Vicekonig 

vice-koning 

Vice-konge 

vice-konung 

vitze-korol' 

Vignette 

vignet 

Vignette 

vignett 

vin'etka 

Villa 

villa 

Villa 

villa 

villa 

Weinstock 

wijnstok 

Vinstok 

vinstock 

vinograd 

Veilchen 

viooltje 

Viol 

viol 

fialka 

violett 

violet 

violet 

violett 

fioletovyi 

Violoncell 

violoncel 

Violoncel 

violoncell 

violontchel' 

Virtues 

virtuoos 

Virtuos 

virtuos 

virtuoz 

Vision 

vizioen 

Vision 

vision 

vidyenie 

Visite 

visite 

Visit 

visit 

vizit 

Vizier 

vizier 

Visir 

visir 

vizir' 

Vocabular 

vocabulaire 

Vocabular 

vocabularium 

vokabuly 

vokal 

vokaal 

vokal 

vokal 

vokal'nyi 

vulkanisch 

vulkanisch 

vulkanisk 

vulkanisk 

volkanitcheski 

Vulkan 

vulkaan 

Vulkan 

vulkan 

vol  k  an 

Wollen 

willen 

Vilje 

vilja 

volya 

Voluntar 

voluntair 

Volontaer 

volontar 

volonter 

votiren 

voteeren 

votere 

votera 

votirovat' 

Vulgata 
W 

Vulgata 

Vulgata 

Vulgata 

vul'gata 

Walzer 

wals 

Vals 

vals 

val's 

Westen 

westen 

Vest 

vester 

vest 

Wille 

wil 

Vilje 

vilja 

volya 

Wein 

wijn 

Vin 

vin 

vino 

Jacht 

jagt 

Jagt 

jakt 

yakhta 

gelb 

geel 

gul 

gul 

zholtyi 

Joch 

juk 

Aag 

ok 

igo 

]ung 
Z 

Zebra 

jong 

ung 

ung 

yunyi 

zebra 

Zebra 

zebra 

zebra 

Zenith 

zenith 

Zenit 

zenit 

zenit 

147 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Zephyr 

zephyr 

cefiro 

zephiro 

zeflSro 

Zigzag 

zigzag 

ziszas 

ziguezague 

zigzag 

Zinc 

zinc 

zinc 

zinco 

zinco 

Zodiac 

zodiaque 

zodiaco 

zodiaco 

zodiaco 

Zodiacal 

zodiacal 

zodiacal 

zodiacal 

zodiacale 

Zoography 

zoographie 

zoografia 

zoographia 

zoografia 

Zoological 

zoologique 

zoologico 

zoologico 

zoologico 

Zoologist 

zoologue 

zoologo 

zoologista 

zoologo 

Zoology 

zoologie 

zoologia 

zoologia 

zoologia 

Zoophyte 

zoophyte 

zoofito 

zoophyto 

zoofito 

Zootomy 

zootomie 

zootomia 

zootomia 

zootomia 

148 


German 

Dutch 

Danlsh- 
Norweclan 

Swedish 

Russian 

Zephyr 

zephir 

Zefyr 

sefir 

zefir 

zickzackig 

zigzag 

siksak 

zigzag 

zigzag 

Zink 

zink 

Zink 

zink 

tzink 

Zodiakus 

zodiak 

Zodiakus 

zodiak 

zodiak 

zodiakal 

zodiakaal 

zodiakal 

zodiakal 

zodiakal'nyi 

Zoographie 

zoografie 

Zoografi 

zoografi 

zoografia 

zoclogisch 

zoologisch 

zoologisk 

zoologisk 

zoologitcheski 

Zoolog 

zooloog 

Zoolog 

zoolog 

zoolog 

Zoologie 

zoologie 

Zoologi 

zoologi 

zoologia 

Zoophyt 

zoofiet 

Zoofyt 

zoofyt 

zoofit 

Zootomie 

zootomie 

Zootomi 

zootomi 

zootomia 

149 


SUGGESTIONS 
For  a  Universal  Language 


SOME   SUGGESTIONS 


FOR  THE  FOUNDATION  OF  A  UNIVERSAL  LANGUAGE 


BY   C.    B.    WAITE 


Suppose  a  congress  to  be  assembled  composed  of  eminent  philologists 
and  linguists,  representing  the  following  ten  languages  : 

English,  French,  Spanish,  Portuguese,  Italian,  German,  Dutch, 
Danish- Norwegian,  Swedish,  and  Russian. 

The  assemblage  thus  convened,  representing  as  it  would,  all  the 
most  important  Indo-Germanic  Languages,  might  well  assume  to  act  for 
the  entire  family  in  the  formation  of  a  common  language.  If  some  lan- 
guages in  the  same  family  are  omitted,  it  is  because  those  languages, 
though  of  equal  importance  with  some  of  those  named  in  the  foregoing 
list,  do  not  harmonize  with  the  ten  languages  to  the  same  extent  that  the 
ten  do  with  each  other.  The  aflSnity  though  it  exists,  is  not  so  apparent. 
This  is  particularly  the  case  with  the  modern  Greek. 

Those  who  use  this  language,  might,  in  addition  to  it,  be  induced  to 
adopt  another,  with  such  changes  as  they  should  choose  to  make.  And 
so  of  those  using  the  other  unrepresented  languages. 

In  regard  to  the  other  families,  they  would,  at  first,  be  spectators 
merely,  of  one  of  the  most  important  movements  of  the  century. 

After  a  common  Indo-Germanic  language  should  have  been  formed, 
each  of  the  other  families  could,  should  it  think  proper  to  do  so,  form  a 
common  language  of  its  own  ;  after  which,  the  thirteen  or  more  families 
could  send  representatives  to  a  congress,  and  frame  what  might  truly  be 
called  a  world-language. 

All  this  being  premised,  I  will  now,  for  the  benefit  of  the  general 
reader,  proceed  to  make  clear  the  fact  that  the  ten  languages  named  do 
all  belong  to  the  Aryan  or  Indo-Germanic  family. 

We  will  begin  with  the  following  simple  diagram  from  Max  Miiller's 
'*  Biography  of  Words,  and  the  Home  of  the  Aryas."     Thus  : 

152 


SUGGESTIONS    FOR    A    UNIVERSAL    LANGUAGE 


^4 


I 
CeLt 


-  1 


if 


/ 


c 

Oi 


^-<% 


The  lines  running  north 
and  west  represent  the  peoples 
who  swarmed  out  in  that 
direction  from  their  Aryan 
home  somewhere  in  Asia. 
The  lines  below  represent 
other  dispersions. 

Next,  let  us  extend  this 
diagram  so  as  to  show  the 
ten  languages  which  would 
be  represented  in  the  con- 
gress ;  thus : 


'^^h 


^^^/V 


CelUc- 


^C:-.." 


ITALIAN 


^'/f:,..,...itaUc^ 


yV£^ 


v^e,' 


acO- 


^1  \ 

[\Ar^a.n  Home.  1 


.c?- 


N^- 


\ 


153 


SUGGESTIONS    FOR    A    UNIVERSAL    LANGUAGE 

Finally,  in  order  to  show  all  the  groups,  not  only  those  that  termi- 
nate in  the  ten  languages,  but  associated  groups  as  well,  and  to  show  at 
the  same  time  the  associated  languages  at  the  end  of  each  group,  I  have 
constructed  a  complete  family  tree  of  the  Indo-Germanic  family  of  lan- 
guages; thus: 


'uoxn 


The  congress  having  assembled,  the  first  step  in  the  formation  of  a 
new  language  would  be,  the  establishing  of  primitive  or  root  words, 
upon  which  derivatives  could  be  formed. 


154 


SUGGESTIONS    FOR    A    UNIVERSAL    LANGUAGE 

Where  are  we  to  go  for  these  words?  Where  else  than  to  the  very 
languages  already  in  common  use  by  the  ten  peoples  represented  in  the 
congress?  The  congress  would  represent  not  only  the  ten  languages  but 
the  ten  peoples  using  those  languages;  and  simple  justice  to  their  con- 
stituents would  require  that  the  members  should  see  to  it  that  a  language 
is  not  built  up  over  the  heads  of  the  people,  in  disregard  of  their  own 
words  already  in  common  use. 

In  the  first  place  there  is  a  large  body  of  words,  each  of  which  has 
not  only  a  like  meaning,  but  nearly  the  same  sound  in  every  one  of 
the  ten  languages,  and  this  is  manifestly  the  first  place  to  go  to  for 
root  words. 

There  are  over  two  thousand  words  of  this  character  in  common 
use,  every  one  homophonic  in  all  of  the  ten  languages. 

When  these  words  shall  have  been  exhausted,  the  next  source  of 
supply  would  be  those  words  which  would  similarly  run  through  nine  of 
the  ten  languages;  then  those  which  would  run  through  eight;  then 
seven ;  and  so  on  down.  Should  this  course  be  pursued,  long  before 
reaching  the  limit  of  a  single  language,  the  sources  of  supply  for  root 
words  would  be  practically  inexhaustible  ;  since  every  list  of  words  thus 
obtained  would  be  larger  than  any  previous  one.  The  number  of  such 
words  which  would  be  found  in  a  majority  of  these  languages,  could  be 
counted  by  the  tens  of  thousands. 

This  must  be  looked  upon  as  nothing  less  than  evidence  of  a  desire 
on  the  part  of  these  peoples  to  come  together  as  nearly  as  possible  in 
their  modes  of  expression.  They  have  been  constantly  reaching  out 
toward  each  other,  and  adopting  each  other's  words.  That  the  words, 
many  of  them,  are  merely  borrowed,  makes  the  evidence  so  much  the 
stronger.  Why  should  they  borrow  words  from  other  languages,  except 
that  they  want  a  language  in  common  with  the  people  whose  words  they 
borrow?  They  were  not  obliged  to  borrow  these  words.  They  could 
easily  manufacture  from  their  own  languages,  words  to  express  the 
meaning  desired. 


155 


EXAMPLES  OF  WORDS  IN  COMMON  USE 


English 

French 

Spanish 

Portuguese 

Italian 

Mother 

mere 

madre 

madre 

madre 

Coflfee 

cafe 

cafe 

cafe 

caffe 

Sugar 

Sucre 

azucar 

assucar 

zucchero 

Tea 

the 

te 

cha 

te 

Cigar 

cigare 

cigarro 

cigarro 

sigaro 

School 

ecole 

escuela 

escola 

scuola 

Salt 

sel 

sal 

sal 

sale 

Wine 

vin 

vino 

vinho 

vino 

Fruit 

fruit 

fruto 

fruto 

frutto 

Metal 

metal 

metal 

metal 

metallo 

Family- 

famille 

familia 

familia 

famiglia 

Matter 

matiere 

materia 

materia 

materia 

Music 

musique 

musica 

musica 

musica 

Nation 

nation 

nacion 

nagao 

nazione 

Religion 

religion 

religion 

religiao 

religione 

Rice 

riz 

arroz 

arroz 

riso 

Anecdote 

anecdote 

anecdota 

anecdota 

aneddoto 

Alcohol 

alcool 

alcohol 

alcohol 

alcool 

Bible 

bible 

biblia 

biblia 

bibbia 

To  form 

former 

formar 

formar 

formare 

To  dance 

danser 

danzar 

dangar 

danzare 

To  march 

marcher 

marchar 

marchar 

marciare 

To  practise 

practiquer 

practicar 

praticar 

praticare 

To  regulate 

regler 

regular 

regular 

regolare 

Central 

central 

central 

central 

centrale 

Circular 

circulaire 

circular 

circular 

circolare 

Three 

trois 

tres 

tres 

tre 

Six 

six 

seis 

seis 

sei 

January 

Janvier 

Enero 

Janeiro 

Gennaio 

October 

octobre 

Octubre 

Outubro 

Ottobre 

156 


WHICH  ARE  HOMOPHONIC  IN  TEN  LANGUAGES 


German 

Dutch 

Danish- 
xorwegian 

Swedish 

Russian 

mutter 

moeder 

moder 

raoder 

mat' 

kaflfee 

koffie 

kaffe 

kaffe 

kofe 

zucker 

suiker 

sukker 

socker 

sakhar 

thee 

thee 

te 

te 

tchai 

cigarre 

sigaar 

cigar 

cigarr 

Figara 

schule 

school 

skole 

skola 

shkola 

salz 

zout 

salt 

salt 

sol' 

wein 

wijn 

vin 

vin 

vino 

frucht 

vrucht 

frugt 

frukt 

frukt 

metall 

metaal 

metal 

metall 

metall 

familie 

familie 

familie 

familj 

familia 

materie 

materie 

materie 

materia 

materia 

musik 

muziek 

musik 

musik 

muz3'ka 

nation 

natie 

nation 

nation 

natzia 

religion 

religie 

religion 

religion 

religia 

reis 

rijst 

ris 

ris 

ris 

anekdote 

anekdote 

anekdote 

anekdot 

anekdot 

alkohol 

alcohol 

alkohol 

alkohol 

alkogol' 

bibel 

bijbel 

bibel 

bibel 

biblia 

formen 

vormen 

forme 

forma 

formirovat' 

tanzen 

dansen 

danse 

dansa 

tantzovat' 

marschiren 

marcheeren 

marschere 

marschera 

marshirovat' 

prakticiren 

praktizeeren 

praktisere 

praktisera 

praktikovat' 

regeln 

regelen 

regulere 

reglera 

regulirovat' 

central 

centraal 

central 

central 

tzentral'nyi 

circular 

circulair 

cirkulaere 

cirkular 

tzirkulyar 

drei 

drie 

tre 

tre 

tri 

sechs 

zes 

sex 

sex 

shest' 

Januar 

Januari 

Januar 

Januari 

Yanvar' 

October 

October 

Oktober 

Oktober 

Oktyabr' 

157 


SUGGESTIONS   FOR   A  UNIVERSAL   LANGUAGE 

The  people  having  thus  made  an  effort  to  come  together  in  the  mode 
of  expressing  their  ideas,  it  is  incumbent  on  their  linguists  to  bring  them 
together.  This  can  be  done  by  giving  them  a  common  language,  based 
upon  the  principle  above  explained,  and  it  can  be  done  in  no  other  way. 

When  you  can  give  them,  in  a  new  language,  words  which  they  have 
been  accustomed  to  all  their  lives,  would  it  not  be  the  height  of  folly  to 
offer  them  words  entirely  new,  or  which  not  more  than  one  in  ten  of  those 
interested  can  understand  ?  Yet  this  was  precisely  what  was  done  when 
the  Volapiik  was  presented  to  the  public  of  Europe  and  of  this  coun- 
try. 

The  foregoing  list  was  prepared  without  any  reference  to  that  lan- 
guage. A  comparison  of  these  words  with  the  corresponding  words  of 
the  Volapiik  will  illustrate  that  system,  and  disclose  some  of  its  peculi- 
arities, and  will  at  the  same  time  furnish  some  suggestions  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  common  Indo-Germanic  language. 

The  list  consists  of  21  nouns,  5  verbs,  2  adjectives,  and  2  numerals. 

We  will  commence  with  the  verbs: 

In  the  Volapiik,  the  infinitive  ends  invariably  in  "on;"  which  is 
added  to  the  root  word:  This  ending  is  purely  arbitrary.  No  one  of 
the  ten  languages  has  it.  Two  of  them  have  "en"  and  two  have 
"  ar. "  The  others  differ  from  these  and  from  each  other.  Why 
Schleyer  adopted  "on"  for  the  infinitive  it  is  difficult  to  understand, 
unless  it  was  to  show  his  independence  of  existing  languages.  But  he 
could  not  afford  to  be  independent  of  them.  The  fundamental  prin- 
ciple of  a  new  language  must  be,  dependence  upon  existing  languages. 

The  suffix  "on"  is  to  be  added  to  the  root  word.  That,  then,  must 
first  be  obtained.  Before  getting  the  verb  for  ' '  to  form, ' '  the  Volapiikist 
must  have  the  noun  for  "form."  His  word  is  "fom."  This  is  suf- 
ficiently simple,  but  why  was  the  '  'r' '  omitted  ?  We  have  the  syllable 
"form"  in  9  of  the  10  languages,  and  "vorm"  in  the  other,  while  "fom" 
occurs  in  no  one  of  them.  The  root  word  should  have  been  "form,"  and 
the  infinitive  ending  should  have  been  "en"  or  "ar."  But  "ar"  is  pre- 
ferable, because  it  has  an  analogy  in  "er"  in  French,  and  in  "are"  in 
Italian.  Instead  of  "fomon,"  therefore,  the  verb  should  have  been 
"formar."  This  would  be  recognized  at  once  by  a  Spaniard  or  a  Portu- 
guese, would  sound  sufficiently  well  to  the  Italian,  and  not  very  badly  to 
the  Frenchman. 

By  a  similar  process,  we  get  for  the  verb  "to  dance,"  "dansar,"  in- 
stead of  the  Volapiik  "dauiidou,  "for  to  march,  "marshar,"  instead  of 

158 


SUGGESTIONS    FOR    A    UNIVKRSAL    LANGUAGE 

"malekon,"  for  "  to  practise,"  "  praktisar,"  or  "praktizar,"  instead  of 
"plagon,"  and  "  rcglar,"  or  "regular,"  instead  of  "  uomon,"  as  the 
equivalent  of  the  German  "rcgelu." 

In  this  last  case,  Schleycr  first  constructed  a  root  word  from  the 
Latin  "norma,"  "rule,"  striking  out  the  "r"  as  he  did  in  the  word 
"form,"  and  taking  the  syllable  "nom"  for  the  root  word.  Then  from 
this  he  formed  the  verb  "nomon,"  "to  regulate."  Thus  he  goes  to  a 
foreign  language  and  gets  a  mutilated  root  word,  instead  of  taking  a  syl- 
lable which  is  common  to  all  the  principal  European  languages.  Is  it 
strange  that  his  language  had  to  fail  ? 

The  Volapiik  adjective  ending,  *'ik,"  is  not  objectionable,  being 
homophonic  with  the  adjective  endings  in  some  of  the  other  languages. 
But  there  is  no  intimation  that  it  was  adopted  for  that  reason. 

In  the  case  of  the  numerals,  the  homophonic  principle  was  disre- 
garded entirely.  "Three"  is  "kil;"  six  is  mal.  Certain  syllables  were 
taken  for  the  numerals  i  to  9,  thus:  i  bal,  2  tel,  3  kil,  4  fol,  5  lul,  6  mal, 
7  vel,  8  jol,  and  9  ziil.  Then  to  bal  i,  was  added  s,  making  bals,  10, 
20  would  be  "tels,"  30  "kils,"  40  "fols,"  etc.  These  were  combined 
for  the  higher  numbers.  Thus  40  being  "fols"  and  3  being  "kil,"  43  is 
"folsekil."  This  is  scientific,  certainly.  But  is  it  any  more  scientific 
than  "forty-three"  in  English,  or  "quaranta  tre"  in  Italian?  Any  new 
system  of  numerals  would  difier  from  the  systems  of  some  of  the  other 
languages.  But  is  that  any  reason  why  it  should  have  nothing  in  com- 
mon with  any  of  them  ? 

We  come  now  to  the  nouns: 

Of  the  21  nouns  in  this  list,  the  Volapiik  roots  of  9,  viz:  "  mot  " 
for  mother  ;  "  kaf "  for  coffee,  "  jul  "  for  school — j  having  the  sound  of 
sh — "sal"  for  salt ;  "  vin  "  for  wine  ;  "  metal  "  for  metal ;  "  famul  " 
for  family  ;  "  rel "  for  religion;  and  "bib"  for  bible,  are  unobjection- 
able, except  that  by  analogy,  if  "rel"  is  taken  for  religion,  "kaf"  for 
coffee,  and  "bib"  for  bible,  then  "met"  should  have  been  taken  for 
metal,  and  "  fam  "  for  family. 

But  here,  as  in  the  case  of  the  adjective  endings,  it  is  to  be  noticed 
that  the  homophonic  character  of  these  syllables  is  not  given  as  a  reason 
for  taking  them.  The  author  of  the  Volapiik  is  careful  not  to  acknowl- 
edge any  dependence  upon  existing  languages.  On  the  contrary,  he 
expressly  declares  his  independence  of  them.  In  a  note  to  the  Volapiik 
grammar  we  have  this  singular  auuouucemeut : 


159 


SUGGESTIONS   FOR   A   UNIVERSAI.   LANGUAGE 

"  It  is  not  necessary  to  remark  that  the  root  words  of  the  Volapiik 
have  nothing  in  common  with  the  roots,  properly  speaking,  of  the  lan- 
guages from  which  they  are  borrowed." 

Going  back  to  the  nouns  in  the  list : 

In  "jueg,"  for  sugar,  the  j  having  the  sound  of  sh,  the  S3'llable 
would  have  been  strictly  scientific  if  the  "  e  "  had  been  omitted.  Why 
it  was  inserted  it  is  diflScult  to  say,  since  it  does  not  occur  in  that  position 
in  any  one  of  the  ten  languages. 

The  same  remark  may  be  made  with  double  force  in  regard  to 
' '  tied  ' '  for  tea  ;  there  being  here  two  superfluous  letters. 

In  the  word  for  cigar,  the  "ziga"  is  perfectly  intelligible,  though  c 
or  s  would  have  been  much  better  than  z.  But  why  was  the  "  d  " 
added,  making  the  word  "  zigad?" 

In  "  Aug  "  for  fruit,  there  is  some  excuse  for  the  "1,"  owing  to  the 
difl&culty  experienced  in  some  parts  of  Europe  in  pronouncing  the  letter 
"  r."  But  what  excuse  is  there  for  closing  the  syllable  with  the  letter 
"g?"  It  is  equally  inexcusable  to  substitute  the  same  final  letter  for 
the  word  music,  making  it  "  musig." 

For  the  word  nation,  which  has  "  nat "  in  seven  languages,  the 
Volapiik  has  "net." 

The  Volapiik  for  "  matter"  is  "stofin."  This  might  do  for  a  defini- 
tion, but  it  cannot  be  called  a  root  word,  since  but  one  of  its  letters  is 
contained  in  the  word  ' '  matter. ' '  In  this  word  the  syllable  '  *  mat ' '  runs 
through  every  one  of  the  ten  languages,  in  precisely  the  same  form. 
Nothing  can  be  plainer,  therefore,  than  that  the  root  word  for  ' '  matter ' ' 
should  have  been  "  mat." 

We  now  come  to  some  words  which  were  manufactured  from  the 
Volapiik  itself : 

The  word  for  rice  is  "  leiid."  "  L,e  "  is  a  prefix  and  "iid  "  a  suffix 
in  the  Volapiik.  Each  has  several  meanings.  I  have  sought  in  vain  to 
find  a  meaning  which  could  be  translated  by  the  word  "rice,"  nor  is  any 
light  thrown  upon  it  in  the  Volapiik  dictionary. 

"Anecdote"  is  "konam."  This  word  is  involved  in  almost  equal 
obscurity.  It  is  divided  thus  :  "  kon-am."  "  Am  "  is  a  sufiix,  mark- 
ing action  ;  as,  "  fom  am  "  formation,  from  "fom,"  form;  and  "finam" 
achievement,  from  "fin,"  end.  "Kon"  is  a  story.  So  we  may  guess 
that  "konam  "  means  a  story  with  a  point  to  it.     This  is,  also,  "  konot." 


1 60 


SUGGESTIONS    I'OR    A    rXIVIIRSAL    I.AXGUAGK 

Alcoholis  "letikiilin."  This  word  is  not  easily  analyzed.  "Tikiil" 
means  "spirit,  intelligence,"  and  cannot  be  a  constituent  part  of  this 
word,  unless  the  word  "  spirit  "  be  used  in  a  double  sense. 

In  the  names  of  the  months  we  find  a  little  relief.  January  is 
"balul,"  from  "bal,"  i,  and  "  niul,"  month ;  and  October  is  "balsul/' 
from  "bals,"  lo,  and  "mul,"  month. 

In  no  one  of  the  six  words  last  mentioned,  is  there  any  homophonic 
analogy  between  the  Volapiik  and  any  one  of  the  ten  languages. 

The  result  of  the  entire  analysis  is,  to  bring  us  to  the  conclusion, 
that  the  author  of  the  Volapiik  failed  entirely  to  comprehend  the  true 
principle  on  which  the  root  words  of  a  common  language  should  be  con- 
structed. 

Before  leaving  the  subject,  we  will  illustrate  it  further  by  the  ex- 
ample of  a  single  word.  We  will  take  the  word  "thread."  It  runs 
thus  : 

English,  "thread;"  Danish-Norwegian,  "  traad  ;"  Swedish,  "trad;" 
Dutch,  "draad."  French,  "  fil ;  "  Italian,  "  filo;  "  Spanish,  "hilo  ;  " 
Portuguese,  "fio."  German,  "faden;"  Russian,  "nitka."  Now, 
here  is  a  word  with  a  like  sound  in  four  languages,  and  another  word 
entirely  diflferent,  but  with  a  like  sound  in  four  other  languages.  Yet 
Professor  Schleyer,  ignoring  these  eight  languages,  and  these  eight 
peoples,  took  his  root  word  from  a  single  language.  From  the  German 
"faden  "  he  took  "fad  "  as  the  root  word  for  thread. 

In  order  to  have  as  short  a  word  as  possible,  and  one  which  would 
sound  alike  in  as  many  languages  as  possible,  the  primitive  or  root  word 
here  should  be  "fil;"  from  the  French  "fil,"  Latin,  "filum."  From 
that  as  a  root  we  have  already  many  derivatives  in  English,  thus  ;  fila- 
ment, filaceous,  filar,  file,  filiform,  filiferous,  fillet,  etc. 

The  three  languages  which  afl&liate  with  the  English  on  the  word 
"thread,"  have  also  several  of  these  derivatives;  so  that  the  word  "fil" 
would  be  more  or  less  familiar  to  all  of  those  four  peoples,  while  it  would 
be  very  familiar  to  the  other  four. 

While  "fad"  as  meaning  "thread"  might  be  recognized  by  a 
German,  it  would  be  a  strange  word  to  an  Englishman  or  an  American, 
to  a  Frenchman,  a  Spaniard,  a  Portuguese,  an  Italian,  a  Dutchman,  a 
Dane  or  Norwegian,  a  Swede  or  a  Russian. 

Why  did  Prof.  Schleyer  go  to  any  language  for  this  root  word  ? 
Why  not  take  any  syllable  at  random  and  call  it  thread  ?     Because  he 


z6i 


SUGGESTIONS    FOR    A    UNIVERSAL    LANGUAGE 

thought  it  important  to  take  something  that  somebody  would  recognize  ; 
something  which  to  some  people  would  sound  familiar.  The  same  rea- 
son would  make  it  important  that  it  should  be  familiar  to  as  many  people 
as  possible. 

Upon  the  subject  of  a  universal  language  Max  Miiller  says: 
"That  such  a  language  should  ever  come  into  practical  use,  or  that 
the  whole  earth  should  in  that  manner  ever  be  of  one  language  and  of 
one  speech  again,  is  hard  to  conceive.  But  that  the  problem  itself  ad- 
raits  of  a  solution,  and  of  a  perfect  solution,  cannot  be  doubted." —  [Sci- 
ence of  Language,  2d  Series,  p.  54. 

It  is  suflBciently  manifest  that  the  problem  of  a  universal  language  is 
yet  to  be  solved.  And  it  is  equally  plain  that  the  first  step  in  that  solu- 
tion is  the  formation  of  a  common  Indo-Germanic  language. 

This  can  only  be  done  by  co-operation  on  the  part  of  those  who  are 
using  the  Indo-Germanic  languages.  As  co-operation  by  all  the  nations 
and  peoples  using  these  languages,  is  scarcely  to  be  expected,  and  per- 
haps not  at  first  to  be  desired,  it  is  obvious  the  first  Congress  should  be 
composed  of  delegates  representing  either  the  languages  named,  or  about 
the  like  number  of  the  languages  of  the  most  enlightened  nations  of  the 
world.  Probably  the  ten  languages  named  comprise  more  homophonic 
words  than  any  other  ten. 

That  the  most  enlightened  nations  should  be  included  is  too  plain 
for  argument.  Professor  Whitney  has  pointed  out,  that  as  in  everything 
else,  so  in  language,  civilization  tends  to  unity.  "  Every  center  of  civ- 
ilization," says  he,  "becomes  also  a  center  of  integration;  its  influences 
make  for  unity  of  speech  as  of  all  other  social  institutions.  Since 
culture  has  become  incontestably  the  dominant  power  in  human  history, 
the  unifying  forces  in  language  have  also  been  stronger  than  the  diversi- 
fying ;  and  with  culture  at  its  full  height,  and  spread  equally  to  every 
land  and  race,  one  universal  language,  like  one. universal  community,  is 
not  an  absurdity  or  theoretic  impossibility,  but  only  a  Utopian  or  mil- 
lennial dream." 

A  universal  language  need  not,  however,  wait  for  a  universal  com- 
munity. Much  has  been  done  toward  unifying  the  race  since  this  state- 
ment was  made  ;  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  expect  that  ere  long  a  univer- 
sal language,  instead  of  being  a  mere  Utopian  or  millennial  dream,  will 
become  a  glorious  realization. 


162 


HOMOPHONIC 

CONVERSATION  BOOK 

In  English,  German,  French  and  Italian 

Belnir  a  Natural  Aid  to  the  Memory  In  Learning  These  Languages 
By  C.  B.  and  C.  V.  WAITE 

This  little  book  is,  as  its  title  indicates,  based  upon  the  similarity  in 
sound  and  in  signification  of  the  principal  words  used  in  the  sentences. 
That  this  will  aid  the  memory  is  undeniable.  Cannot  a  person  remember 
a  word  in  a  foreign  language  which  sounds  like  one  in  his  own  and  which 
means  the  same  thing,  more  easily  than  he  can  one  which  sounds  differ- 
ently ? 

When  these  like  sounding  words  have  been  learned,  others  of  a  dif- 
ferent character  can  be  substituted,  the  construction  of  the  sentences  re- 
maining the  same. 

The  conversations  are  arranged  under  different  headings  :  Salutation, 
The  Time,  The  Weather,  The  News,  etc.  Also  covering  the  various  situa- 
tions and  emergencies  in  travel :  Before  Sailing,  On  Board  a  Steamship, 
Landing,  At  an  Inn,  Taking  Furnished  Rooms,  Traveling  by  Railway, 
Breakfast,  Dinner,  Tea  and  Supper,  Interviews  with  a  Tailor,  Shoemaker, 
Physician,  Bookseller,  etc. — in  all  thirty-one  headings.  Also  cardinal 
and  ordinal  numbers  and  divisions  of  time  are  given,  whether  homo- 
phonic  or  not. 

Nearly  500  homophonic  words  are  used,  an  alphabetical  table  of 
which  is  added,  giving  the  form  of  the  word  in  each  language. 

How  it  is  Received 

opinions  of  Linguists 

From  Monsieur  INGRES,  Professor  in  the  University  of  Chicago,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Alliance  Fran^aise,  and  member  of  the  French  Academy  : 

"  I  consider  Waites'  'Homophonic  Conversations'  a  clever  and  useful 
little  book,  which  ought  to  find  a  place  in  every  library  where  languages 
are  represented.     The  basic  idea  is  well  conceived  and   well  carried  out. 

M.  Ingres." 

From   Professor   MANTELLINI,    Director   of  the   Chicago   School  of 
Languages : 

"  I  shall  take  much  pleasure  in  recommending  it  to  all  my  friends, 
as  an  invaluable  companion,  traveling  abroad. 

"  Yours  very  truly,  G.  Mantellini." 

From  E.  F,  L.  GAUS,  Assistant  Librarian  of  the  Chicago  Public  Library: 
"  This  is  a  meritorious  work.     It  is  a  step  in  the  right  direction." 


Opinions  of  the  Press 

"  It  is  arranged  in  a  delightfully  easy  and  natural  style.  By  con- 
stantly interchanging  words  having  a  certain  similarity  in  sound  and 
meaning,  one  gains  a  simultaneous  working  knowledge  of  necessary  and 
useful  sentences  in  all  four  tongues.  Time  is  saved,  the  memory  is  more 
retentive,  and  learning  is  made  a  pleasure.  The  book  is  absolutely  of 
limitless  value  to  beginners.  It  should  be  on  every  one's  book-shelf,  and 
is  sure  to  become  widely  used." — Philadelphia  Item. 

"  It  is  a  useful  work." — Chicago  Daily  News. 

"  A  decided  mnemonic  aid." — Chicago  Record- Herald. 

"  Specially  helpful  to  the  tourist." — Advance,  Chicago. 

"  One  sees  at  once  the  utility  of  this  book." — Le  Samedi  {French), 
Montreal. 

"  That  this  will  aid  the  memory  is  undeniable." — Chicago  Tribune. 

"  By  travelers  the  book  will  be  found  a  useful  companion." — Senti- 
nel, hidia7iapolis . 

"  Well  done  and  useful  for  all." — L' Italia,  Chicago. 

"Splendid  and  out  of  the  common.  A  secure  guide  for  Italians 
traveling  abroad." — Maestro  Paolo,  New  York. 

'  *  An  excellent  little  manual. " — Natio?ial  Tribune,  Washington,  D.  C. 

"  This  little  book  will  surprise  you  by  showing  you  how  much  you 
really  knew  without  realizing  it."  —  Torch  of  Reason,  Kansas  City,  Mo. 

"  It  is  especially  to  be  commended  to  Germans  who  desire  to  perfect 
themselves  in  the  English  language  or  in  the  French  or  Italian." — West- 
en  and  Daheim,  Chicago. 

Letter  from  Frederic  Harrison 

"Elm  Hill,  Kent,  England. 
"  "^ Homophonic  Conversations'*  has  gone  into   the  school  room  here 
where  it  will  be  useful.  Frederic  Harrison," 

Letter  from  Dr.  Senn 
' '  I  know  of  no  book  as  well  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the  traveler  as 
this  one.  Yours  very  truly,  N.  Senn." 

Letter  from  William  Birney 

Washington,  D.  C. 
"  It  is  very  useful." 

Letter  from  Prof.  Warren  Robinson, 

Instructor   in   Wisconsin  School  for  the  Deaf 

"  A  deaf  mute  could  use  it  with  great  benefit  in  his  own  country." 
Letter  from  Alexander  Kerr, 

Professor  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin 
"  It  is  the  best  manual  of  the  kind  in  existence." 

This  is  a  duodecimo  volume  of  about  140  pages,  printed  on  the  best 
paper  and  handsomely  bound  in  flexible  cloth,  being  a  neat  pocket  com- 
panion for  travelers. 

PRICE  $1.00 

Liberal  discount  to  the  trade  and  to  libraries  and  teachers. 

Address     C.  V.  WAITE  ^  CO., 

47O  Jackson  Boulevard,  Chicago. 


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